Direct and indirect immunofluorescence

Apart from antibodies detected by (a) the schizont-infected red cell agglutination test, (b) the agglutination of sporozoites, (c) complement fixation, (d) passive hemagglutination and by the direct and indirect immunofluorescent methods [for review, see reference (V4)], malarial antibodies have also been detected by malarial antigens prepared from heavily infected human placenta, infected human brain, and short-term in vivo cultures of cells from heavily parasitized subjects (Wll) (see Tables 7 and 8). 

The methods outlined below include protocols for direct and indirect immunofluorescence staining, that can be adapted easily for the cell type of interest as indicated in the relevant notes. The principal approaches to flow cytometric analysis, standardization and calibration are then given, followed by two more detailed protocols illustrating quantitation using direct immunofluorescence, and a competitive binding assay, which demonstrates the application of linear amplification of fluorescence. 

Magro CM, et al. Direct and indirect immunofluorescence as a diagnostic adjunct in the interpretation of nonneoplastic medical hmg disease. Am J Clin Pathol 2003 119(2) 279-289. 

---