Dipping automated/manually

The more automatic the method of coating application, the more economical and efficient it is, since automation lends itself more readily to more even coatings than do manual methods, e.g. large surface areas lend themselves more readily to spraying techniques, whereas open work structures are more suitable for dipping methods. The coating should also be applied to a specified minimum thickness which is adequate for the service conditions and life envisaged. 

Polymer nanofibers can be directly drawn from a viscous polymer solution or melt when a droplet of polymer solution is mechanically stretched [6]. For example, the tip of a rod was dipped in a polymer melt and simply pulled out to form nanofibers with diameters as low as 60 nm and lengths up to 500 mm [7]. Resulting nanofibers can be manually oriented into aligned arrays or formed into arrays by automated... 

Fortunately, automated fiber-optic probe-based dissolution systems have begun to appear for these solid dosage-form applications. One such system uses dip-type UV transflectance fiber-optic probes, each coupled to a miniature photodiode array (PDA) spectrophotometer to measure drug release in real time. This fiber-optic dissolution system can analyze immediate- and controlled-release formulations. The system is more accurate and precise than conventional dissolution test systems, and it is easier to set up than conventional manual sampling or automated sipper-sampling systems with analysis by spectrophotometry or HPLC. 

Use of automated autosamplers is increasing in the industry. At specific time-points, a tube is dipped in the vessel solution an aliquot is pulled through a filter, and may be measured directly. Using an autosampler requires fewer manual manipulations and the aliquot collection can be done at more precise intervals. 

Portable semi-automatic (manually operated) or fully automated d.c. systems and robot mounted. Three types of metal transfer to the weld area dip and pulsed transfer use low current for positional welding (vertical, overhead) and thin sheet spray transfer uses high currents for thick sheet and high deposition rates, typically for horizontal welding. 

As dipping LbL became an important technique toward making multifunctional nanostractured materials, efforts followed to improve the procedures for a better controlled deposition process with automated dipping robots. With such automated systems, it is possible to continue the deposition for a larger number of deposition cycles and reduce the variability and errors that may be caused by manual dipping. For example, the placement and orientation of the substrate inside the solution is important, and manual operation is prone to variability in substrate immersion, while in automated systems, the substrate is dipped into the solution without being released at the same orientation and speed at each deposition cycle. Several automated LbL deposition systems are commercially available. Also, scaled-up industrial processes can be adapted for LbL deposition for example, a roll-to-roll process has been adapted for commercial products. 

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