2.3- Diphosphoglycerate, and

M26. Miwa, S., Luzzatto, L., Rosa, R., Paglia, D. E., Schroter, W De Flora, A., Fujii, H., Board, P. G and Beutler, E., International Committee for Standardization in Haematology Recommended methods for an additional red cell enzyme (pyrimidine 5 -nucleotidase) assay and the determination of red cell adenosine 5 -triphosphate, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and reduced glutathione. Clin. Lab. Haematol. 11, 131-138 (1989). 

P NMR is a most valuable technique. Not only can it be used to titrate the pKa values of phosphates, but it can also be used to measure the ionization of known phosphate residues in vivo, such as those of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, and thus to determine intracellular pH.21... 

Understand the physiologic importance and mode of synthesis of glycerol-3-phosphate, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, and acetyl-CoA understand the mechanism of action and regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase with all the cofactors involved. 

L12. Lichtman, M. A., Miller, D. R., Cohen, J., and Waterhouse, C., Reduced red cell glycolysis, 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate and adenosine triphosphate concentration and increased hemoglobin-oxygen affinity caused by hypophosphatemia. Ann. Intern. Med. 74, 562-568 (1971). 

Brewer, G.J., 1969, Erythrocyte metabolism and function Hexokinase inhibition by 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and interaction with ATP and Mgf+, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 192 157. 

Nelson, D. P., Miller, W. D., and Kiesow, L. A., 1974, Calorimetric studies of hemoglobin function, the binding of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and inositol hexaphosphate to human hemoglobin A, J. Biol. Chem. 249 4770. 

Fig. 2. Reaction of diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) and deoxyhemoglobin. The molecule fits into the central cavity of hemoglobin and forms salt bridges with valine NA(I)p, histidines NA2(2)p, H2I(I43)p, and lysine EF6(82)p. A, E, and E correspond to specific hemoglobin hehces and NA is the sequence...

Other 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate Pocket Cross-Linkers. The reactivity of the valine NAl(l)a and lysine EF6(82)p residues in the 2,3-DPG pocket shown by NFPLP and (bis-PL)P4 has stimulated the search for other reagents that react similarly but have potential for greater efficiency and ease of scaleup. The systematic study of four different dicarboxyhc acid derivatives, cross-linked in both oxygenated and deoxygenated conditions, has been reported (92). Each of these derivatives presents problems in purification, and proof of the sites of reaction is tedious. 

The 3D structure of the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) complex of hemoglobin (Hb) served to derive simple aromatic dialdehydes that mimic the function of DPG as an allosteric modulator of the oxygen affinity of Hb. Some of the resulting compounds were as active and even more active than DPG, the natural ligand [1-3]. 

Diphosphoglycerate A compound in red blood cells that affects oxygen binding to and release from hemoglobin. 

Goodford PI, St-Louis J, Wootton R. A quantitative analysis of the effects of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, adenosine triphosphate and inositol hexaphosphate on the oxygen dissociation curve of human haemoglobin. J Physiol 1978 283 397. 

In the preceding sections the conversion of purines and purine nucleosides to purine nucleoside monophosphates has been discussed. The monophosphates of adenosine and guanosine must be converted to their di- and triphosphates for polymerization to RNA, for reduction to 2 -deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates, and for the many other reactions in which they take part. Adenosine triphosphate is produced by oxidative phosphorylation and by transfer of phosphate from 1,3-diphosphoglycerate and phosphopyruvate to adenosine diphosphate. A series of transphosphorylations distributes phosphate from adenosine triphosphate to all of the other nucleotides. Two classes of enzymes, termed nucleoside mono-phosphokinases and nucleoside diphosphokinases, catalyse the formation of the nucleoside di- and triphosphates by the transfer of the terminal phosphoryl group from adenosine triphosphate. Muscle adenylate kinase (myokinase)... 

Although P MRS can be used to measure pH in isolated, perfused hearts, it is not suitable in vivo because 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in ventricular blood interferes with the myocardial Pi resonance. Schroeder et al. have developed a possible alternative method for in vivo use based on the carbonic-anhydrase-catalyzed, pH-dependent equilibrium of CO2 and HCO3. Infusion of h)q)erpolarized 1- C-pyruvate generates strong signals of metabolically produced C02 and H COJ to yield pH by the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Applicability of the method in humans remains to be demonstrated. 

Figure 10.11 Binding of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) between the f3 chains in the central cavity of human hemoglobin. [From A. Amone and M. F. Perutz, Nature, Land. 249, 34 (1974).]...

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