3.6- Diphenyl-vinyl carbazole

FIGURE 1.2. Molecular structure of widely used it-conjugated and other polymers (a) poly(para-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) (b) a (solid line along backbone) and it ( clouds above and below the a line) electron probability densities in PPV (c) poly(2-methoxy-5-(2 -ethyl)-hexoxy-l,4-phenylene vinylene) (MEH-PPV) (d) polyaniline (PANI) (d.l) leucoemeraldine base (LEB), (d.2) emeraldine base (EB), (d.3) pernigraniline base (PNB) (e) poly(3,4-ethylene dioxy-2,4-thiophene)-polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT-PSS) (f) poly(IV-vinyl carbazole) (PVK) (g) poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) (h) methyl-bridged ladder-type poly(jf-phenylene) (m-LPPP) (i) poly(3-alkyl thiophenes) (P3ATs) (j) polyfluorenes (PFOs) (k) diphenyl-substituted frares -polyacetylenes (f-(CH)x) or poly (diphenyl acetylene) (PDPA). 

The monomers, N-vinyl carbazole (NVC), methacrylamide (MAM), octadecyl methacrylate (ODMA) and trichloroethyl methacrylate (TCEM) were obtained from Polyscience, Inc. Diphenyl acetylene (DPAE), poly(4-chlorostyrene) (PC1S), poly(butadiene) (PBD), poly(styrene) (PS) were obtained from Aldrich Chemical Co. Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA), 99-100% hydrolyzed, was obtained from J. T. Baker Chemical Co. Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) was obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. 

The anion deprotonates the cation hence, nitroform, HC(N02)3, and the nitrated 1,1-diphenyl ethylene, N02CH C(Ph)2, are the ultimate products of this process. It was proposed, therefore, that the transfer of N02 cation, and not electron transfer, yields nitroform and nitrated vinyl carbazole,... 

Examples for this type of monomers are methacrylic acid 6-[3-(2-cyano-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-vinyl)-carbazol-9-yl]hexyl ester, methacrylic acid 6-[3-[2-(4-nitrophenyl)-vinyl]-carbazol-9-yl]hexyl ester, and methacrylic acid 6-[3-(diphenyl-hydrazonomethyl)-carbazol-9-yl]hexyl ester. 

Preparation of two novel two-photon polymerization initiators, 10-ethyl-3 -E-(4-(N,N -di- -butyl-amino)styryl)phenofliiazine-5 and 10-ethyl-3,7-E,E-bis(4-(N,N -di-butylamino)styryl)phenothiazine-6 was reported. These initiators were found to exhibit good single-photon fluorescence. Synthesis, structures, and properties of two additional two-photon photopolymerization initiators was reported. The compounds are diphenyl-(4- 2-[4-(2-pyridin-4-ylvinyl)phenyl]vinyl phenyl)amine and 9-(4- 2-[4-(2-pyridin-4-ylvinyl)-phenyl]vinyl phenyl)-9H-carbazole. Both compounds were found to be good two-photon-absorbing chromophores and effective two-photon photopolymerization initiators. 

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