1.4- Diphenyl-2- -1 -butene

PS products contain certain kinds of styrene dimers (SDs), such as 2,4-diphenyl-1-butene and cis- and rraws-l, 2-diphenylcyclobutane, and styrene trimers (STs), such as 2,4,6-triphenyl-1-hexene and l-phenyl-4-(l -phenylethyl)tetralin. The contents of these substances differ with each product. It has also been found that SDs and STs migrate into fatty solvents, such as n-heptane or vegetable oil, but the migration into aqueous solvents is very slight. SDs tend to be affected by the heating time of containers involving solvents, and STs tend to be affected by the length of contact time with containers. 

In the pyrolysates from H-H polystyrene, there are noticeable levels of propylbenzene, 1-propenyl-3-benzene, and 3,4-diphenyl-1-butene. These compounds are not present in the pyrolysate of H-T polymer, while 2,4-diphenyl-1-butene is present. The analysis of... 

Polystyrene (PS) is considered an excellent polymer suitable for various commercial and domestic applications. PVC and PS stand second and third in the world, respectively, as far as the consumption of polymers is concerned. The structure and composition of various products formed during the degradation process and their mutual interactions in the ultimate degradation mechanism depends on the compatibility of polymeric components in the blends. PS/PVC blends with different compositions have been prepared (Ahmad et al. 2007) in the forms of film and powder. Thermal degradation was studied at various heating rates in an inert atmosphere. Pure PS degrades in one step between 300 °C and 400 °C, producing monomer, dimer (2,4-diphenyl-1-butene), trimer(2,4,6-triphenyl-l-hexane). 

Die Hydroborierungsprodukte von cis- und trans-2,3-Diphenyl-buten-(2) lassen sich alkalisch direkt zu erythro- (69% d.Th.) bzw. threo-2,3-Diphenyl-butan (71% d.Th.) hy-drolysieren11 ... 

The mechanism of the reaction is still obscure but our results are probably compatible with those of Pepper and Barton [23] who found that the rate of disappearance of unsaturation, when 1,3-diphenyl butene-1 (distyrene) reacted with perchloric acid, was of second order in olefin and in acid. Unfortunately they did not investigate whether any saturated products other than the cyclised dimer were formed, although they found some higher oligomers. 

Oxo- 1,4-diphenyl-buten —> l-Benzyl-l-hydroxy-3-phenyl-2-propenphosphonsaure-dimethyl-... 

Demgegeniiber ergibt die Photolyse von 3,3-Dimethyl- (la R=CH3) oder von 3-Methyl-3-phenyl-2-benzoyl-oxiran (lb R=CSHS) 3-Hydroxy-4-oxo-2-viethyl-4-phe-nyl-buten-(l) (Ila 25% d.Th.) bzw. 3-Hydroxy-4-oxo-2,4-diphenyl-buten-(l) (lib 64% d.Th.)1- ... 

C26H29CI2NO, (E)-l-(p-(Diethylaminoethoxy)phenyl)-l,2-diphenyl-2-chloroethylene hydrochloride, 42B, 91 C2 6H2 9NO, 1 -(p-(2-Dimethylamino-ethoxy)-phenyl)-1,2-trans-diphenyl-butene, 45B, 98... 

The mechanism of photo-oxidative degradation of polystyrene was also investigated using low molecular compounds such as benzene 3-phenyl-pentane [1356] 2-phenylbutane [1360, 1361] 1,3-diphenylpropane-l-one [719, 725] 1,3-diphenylpropane 1,3-diphenylbutane 2,4-diphenylpentane [1293] cumene cumene hydroperoxide [759] acetophenone hexanoic acid 3-heptanone y-valerolactone 2-phenyl-2-propanol [1250, 1397] benzal-dehyde benzoic acid l-3-diphenyl-propanone-3 l,3-diphenyl-buten-2,3-on-l (dypnone) l,3-diphenylpropen-2,3-on-l (chalcone) l-phenyl-butanedion-2,3 l-diphenylpropanedion-1,2 l-phenyl-butanedion-1,3 phenylacetic aldehyde l,5-diphenyl-pentanone-3 4-phenyl-butanone-2 [1250]. 

Colpol is an atypical phenolic derivative isolated from the Dictyosiphonale " Colpomenia sinuosa harvested in the Red Sea, and possessing cytotoxic properties. It is one of very few representatives of l,4-diphenyl-butene-2 (C6-C4-C6). 

When styrene is refluxed with aqueous sulfuric acid two styrene dimers are formed as the major products One of these styrene dimers is 1 3 diphenyl 1 butene the other is 1 methyl 3 phenyhndan Suggest a reasonable mechanism for the formation of each of these compounds... 

Manufacture of oBenzoylbenzoic Acid from l-Methyl-3-phenylindane. In 1909 it was reported that treatment of styrene with concentrated sulfuric acid resulted in its dimerization (51). However, the wrong stmcture was assigned to this dimer (52). Years later it was suggested, without proof, that the dimer consisted primarily of l-methyl-3-phenylindane (13) [6416-39-3] and some 1,3-diphenyl-l-butene (53). In 1950, oxidative studies on the dimer proved that this supposition was correct (54) ... 

Without the dilution, (Z)-l,4-diphenyl-l-buten-3-yne is detected, apparently formed from the cross-coupling with phenyl acetylide, derived from lithiation of g-bromostyrene, followed by E2cB elimination or Fritsch-Butlenberg-Wiechell type rearrangement. 

Diphenylbutadiene has been obtained from phenylacetic acid and cinnamaldehyde with lead oxide, by the dehydrogenation of l,4-diphenyl-2-butene with butyllithium, and by the coupling reaction of benzenediazonium chloride and cinnamyl-ideneacetic acid." The present method gives better yields than those previously reported, is adaptable to the preparation of a variety of substituted bistyryls, and is relatively easy to carry out. 

Treatment of bis-lactim ether 420 with BuLi, then with cw-l,4-dichloro-2-butene in the presence of Nal afforded 3,4,9,9n-tetrahydro-6//-pyrido[l,2-fl]pyrazin-4-one (421) with 96% diastereomeric excess (97TA1855). Reaction of l,2-diphenyl-6-methyl-quinoxaline with 1,4-dichlorobutane in THF in the presence of Na at —78°C afforded a 3 1 mixture of 4a,5-diphenyl-9-methyl-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4a//-pyrido[l,2-n]quinoxaline and 4-(4-chlorobutyl)-2,3-diphenyl-6-methyl-1,4-dihydroquinoxaline (98JHC1349). 

The addition of the anions of racemic 1-(diphenyl)- and l-(diethoxyphosphinyl)-2-butenes to 2-cyclopentenone or 2-cyclohexenone gives y-l,4-add ucls. () A1 ly 1 systems give exclusively. vy/t-adducts while (Z)-allyl systems give exclusively //-adducts. 2-Cycloheptenone gives diastereomeric mixtures of 1,4-adducts and 1,2-addition products1. 

Ether, chloromethyl methyl [Methane, chloromethoxy-], 97 Ethylamine, dusoptopyl- [ 2-Propanamme, Af-ethyl-Af-(l-methylethyl)-], 59 Ethylamine, 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-[Ben-zeneethanamme, 3,4-dimethoxy-], 5 Ethylene, 1,1-diphenyl- [Benzene, 1,1 -ethenylidenebis-], 32 Ethylene, tetramethyl- [2-Butene, 2,3-dimethyl-], 35... 

Bei der Hydroaluminierung von Alkinen tritt die Oligomerisierung oft bereits bei nied-rigeren Temperaturen in den Vordergrund. So erhalt man z.B. aus 3,3-Dimethyl-l-phe-nyl-butin (I) und Bis-[2-methyl-propyl]-aluminiumhydrid (1 1) bei 50° 94% d.Th. cis-3,3-Dimethyl-l-phenyl-buten-(l) (II)5 neben 6% d.Th. trans,trans-2,2,7,7-Tetramethyl-4,5-diphenyl-octadien-(3,5) (III) ... 

Wahrend die Reaktion von 1,1-Diphenyl-athen mit Perchlorsaure [mit oder ohne Zu-satz von Chrom(II)-Salzen] zu 1,1,3,3-Tetraphenyl-buten fiihrt, erhalt man mit Chrom(II)-chlorid in konz. Salzsaure bei Abwesenheit von Perchlorat in 70%iger Aus-beute 2,2,3,3-Tetraphenyl-butan4 ... 

N-Diphenylmethylen- 374 N-Diphenylmethylen-O-aminocarbonyl- 612 N-[l,3-Diphenyl-propyl-(2) - 374 N-[l,3-Diphenyl-propyliden-(2)]- 374, 377, 380 N-(4-Halogen-phenyI)- 683 N-Heptyl- 375 N-Heptyl-N-acetyl- 376 N-Heptyliden- 375 N-Hcptyliden-O-acetyl- 376 0-(2-Hydroxy-athyl)-N-athoxycarbonyl- 133 N-(4-Hydroxy-phenyl)- 683 0-(2-Hydroxy-l-phenyl-athyI)-N-athoxycarbonyI-aus 0-(ci-AthoxycarbonyI-benzyl)-N-athoxycar-bonyl-hydroxylamin und Lithiumalanat 133 N-Isopropyl- 682 N-Isopropylidcn- 613 N-Methyl- 133, 682 O-Methyl-N-bcnzyliden- 377 O-Methyl-N-benzyliden- 375 0-Methyl-N-(4-chlor-benzyl)- 375 0-Methyl-N-(4-chlor-benzyliden)- 375 N-Methy -N,0-diacetyI- 682 N-(4-Methyl-phenyl)- 683 0-McthyI-N-( 1 -phenyl-athyliden)- 375 N-(4-Methylthio-phenyl)- 684 N-(4-Nitro-benzyl)- 374 N-[4-Nitro-benzyliden - 374, 377 N-(2-Nitro-phenyl)- 562 N-(4-Nitro-phenyl)- 682 N-Nitroso-N-cyclohexyl- 697 N-Octyl- 374 N-Octyl-(2)-N-acetyl- 376 N-Octyliden- 374 N-0ctyliden-(2)-0-acctyl- 376 N-(Pentafluor-phenyl)-0,N-diacetyl- 697 N-Phenyl- 474, 481, 682, 783 N-Phenylacetyl-O-benzoyl- 265 N-(l-Phenyl-athyl)- 374 N-(l-Phenyl-athyl)-N-acetyl- 376 N-(l-Phenyl-athyliden)-374, 613 N-( l-Phenyl-athyliden)-0-acetyl- 376 N-[ 1 -Phenyl-buten-( 1 )-yl-(3)-iden]- 582 N-f4-Phenyl-butyl-(2)-iden]- 581 N-Phcnyl-N,0-diacetyl- 682 N-(4-Phenylthio-phenyl)- 684 N-Propyl-N-cyclohexyl- 376 N-Propyl-N-isopropyl- 376 O-Sulfonyl- 481 N-(4-Sulfonyl-phenyI)- 683 N-(2-Vinyl-phenyl)- 698... 

Z)-1,2-diphenyl-1 -[4-[2-(dimethy(amfno ethoxy]pheny) -1 -buten-4-ol (III)... 

Ordinary Grignard reagents react with a, -unsaturated carbonyl compounds and afford both 1,2-adduct and 1,4-adduct. However, methylsulfonyhnethylmagnesium bromide or p-tolylsulfonylmethylmagnesium bromide gave only 1,2-adducts in the reaction with conjugated carbonyl compounds such as crotonaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, trans-4-phenyl-3-buten-2-one, benzalacetophenone and l,5-diphenyl-2,4-pentadien-l-one. 

Cyclopropenone formation should involve the bisketene 46 and its decarbonylation to the monoketene 47 (a valence tautomer of cyclopropenone 44), since photolysis in protic media like ethanol produces diethoxy diethyl tartrate 45) (meso and d,l). This method was also successful in the case of l,2-diphenyl-3,3-dichloro-cyclo-butene dione (48) giving rise to diphenyl cyclopropenone49 (but as for 44 only a moderate yield was produced) ... 

Examples 1,3-diphenyl- 1-propene, < /.v-2.3-diphenyl-2-butene, 2,3-diphenyl-l,3-butadiene. 

---