Dimmers

Wildoer, M., Fong, J., Jones, R. M., Lunzer, M. M., Sharma, S. K., Kostensis, E., Portoghese, P. S., and Whistler, J. L. (2005). A heterodimer-selective agonist shows in vivo relevance of G-protein coupled receptor dimmers. Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102 9050-9055. 

And my eyes are growing dimmer, and my hair is turning white,... 

Figure 42 Palladium-linked m-pyridyl dimmer-C60 complex.

An enantiotropically related pair of polymorphs was obtained for p-aminoben-zoic acid, with the system being characterized by a transition temperature of 25 °C [31]. The a-form was obtained as fibrous needles, while the /M orm was obtained in the form of prisms. The solubilities of the two forms are almost the same, indicating the existence of comparable values for AG, which in turn explained the slow transformation of the a-form into the [>-form. Nucleation of the a-form was found to be favored, which is reasonable considering that the structural motif of the a-form consists of carboxylic acid dimmers that would be expected to be stable association species in solution. 

Olanzapine appears to exist in at least five polymorphic forms, and the structure of Form II has been reported [32]. Two molecules form centrosymmetric dimmers stabilized by a series of C—H - rc interactions, and the dimmers are connected by a system of intermolecular N—C—and C—H S hydrogen bonds. The structure of a monoclinic polymorph of isoxsuprine hydrochloride has been reported [33], The molecular conformation existing in the new monoclinic polymorph was found to be very similar to that existing in the known triclinic polymorph. 

Figure 15.3 (a) Heat absorption in solutions of native RNase A (trace 1) and RNase A kept in 10% buffered formalin for 2 days (trace 2) and 6 days (trace 3) at pH 7.4 and 23°C. All samples were dialyzed against 75 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) prior to DSC. (b) Dependence of Td of the dialyzed RNase A samples on time of incubation in 10% buffered formalin at pH 7.4 and 23°C. (c) Heat absorption of solutions of formalin-treated RNase A fractions isolated by size-exclusion gel chromatography monomer (trace 1), dimmer (trace 2), and a mixture of oligomers with >5 cross-linked proteins (trace 3). Protein concentrations were 0.5 mg/mL. The thermal denaturation transition temperature (Td) is defined as the temperature of the maximum in the excess heat absorption trace associated with the protein s endothermic denaturation transition. See Rait et al.10 for details. 

Figure 15.9 The results of capture ELISA on native RNase A and formalin-treated RNase A. Right panel, native RNase A (curve 1) and unfractionated formalin-treated RNase A (curve 2). Left panel, individual fractions of formalin-treated RNase A monomer (curve 3), dimmer (curve 4), trimer (curve 5), tetramer (curve 6), and a mixture of oligomers with >5 cross-linked proteins (curve 7). The ELISA plate wells were coated with monoclonal antibody against bovine pancreatic RNase A (1 pg/mL) overnight at 4°C and then blocked with bovine serum albumin. The wells were incubated for lh at 37°C in the presence of various concentrations of antigen in lOOpL of PBS. After washing, each plate well received a 1 4000 dilution of horseradish peroxidase conjugated rabbit polyclonal anti-RNase A antibody followed by incubation at ambient temperature for lh. After washing, detection was achieved using a mixture of 2,2,-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) and hydrogen peroxide. Absorbance was monitored at 405 nm. See Rait etal.11 for details.

Figure 8 Schematic representation of the methane commensurate dimmers" chain confined in the model AlP04-5 zeolite micrpores.

The crystal structure of the compounds [Fe(R-Cp)(R -Cp)] [Ni(mnt)2] (R = H, R = ra-butyl, tert-butyl and R = R = diethyl, diisopropyl) consists of isolated chains of anions that are surrounded by chains of cations. In the anionic chains the [Ni(mnt)2] units are dimerized through S-S or Ni-S short contacts, the dimmers interacting through slightly longer (S—S or Ni-S) contacts. yT decreases with cooling, which is consistent with dominant AF interactions [71]. 

Siddhanta U., Presta, A., Fan, B., Wolan, D., Rousseau, D. L., Stuehr, D.)., Domain swapping in inducible nitric-oxide synthase. Electron transfer occurs between flavin and heme groups located on adjacent subunits in the dimmer, J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998), p. 18950-18958... 

P. D., Loftus, M., Stuehr, D. J., Expression of human inducible nitric oxide synthase in a tetrahydrobiopterin (H4B)-deficient cell line H4B promotes assembly of enzyme subunits into an active dimmer, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92 (1995), p. 11771-11775... 

The voltage of a new torch battery (AA type) is about 1.5 V. After the battery has powered the torch for some time, its voltage drops, which we see in practice as the light beam becoming dimmer. If further power is withdrawn indefinitely then the voltage from the battery eventually drops to zero, at which point we say the battery is dead and throw it away. 

A dim light emits fewer photons than does a bright light. So a dimmer switch is merely a device for varying the flux of photons emitted by a light bulb. The energy per photon is not significantly altered in this way. 

In practice, the dimmer switch incorporates a small variable resistor into the switch box, which allows differing amounts of voltage to be tapped off. ... 

Fig. 64 Light dimmer and heating mantle triac power control.

In spite of their attractive features, one of the problems usually encountered in self-replicating systems is the formation of very stable dimmers between the template and the complementary product formed. This obviously imposes important limitations to the use of self-replicating processes for the formation of large quantities of a specific product. 

TABLE 14. Energetic and structural parameters for three ammonia dimmers (29, 28 and 31) as calculated ab initio (6-31G + BSSE correction), by the original MM3 force field (MM3) and by MM3 augmented with a directional hydrogen bonding potential function (MM3-94)°. Reproduced by permission... 

Kasper M, Reimann T, Hempel U, Wenzel KW, Bierhaus A, Schuh D, Dimmer V, Haroske G, Muller M (1998) Loss of caveolin expression in type I pneumocytes as an indicator of subcellular alterations during lung fibrogenesis. Histochem Cell Biol 109(1) 41—48... 

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