Dilute solution solutes

For dilute solutions, solute-solute interactions are unimportant (i.e., Henry s law will hold), and the variation of surface tension with concentration will be linear (at least for nonelectrolytes). Thus... 

Add 1.0 ml of the diluted solution (Solution I) and 40 ml of distilled water into a 50-ml volumetric flask. 

Deviations from the laws of dilute solutions Solutions of gases in liquids Law of distribution... 

This is a term used to describe the effective concentration of a solute. In dilute solutions, solutes can be considered to behave according to ideal (thermodynamic) principles, i.e. they will have an effective concentration equivalent to the actual concentration. However, in concentrated solutions (> 0.5molL" ), the behaviour of solutes is often non-ideal, and their effective concentration (activity) will be less than the actual concentration [C]. The ratio between the effective concentration and the actual concentration is called the activity coefficient (y) where... 

In facilitated transport, unlike solvent extraction and other equihbrium stage wise processes, the overall mass transfer rate is not governed by the usual equihbrium considerations alone. Instead, the solute transport process is controlled by a combination of the diffusion rate and the complexation reaction rate and in case of coupled transport the solute can be transported against its concentration gradient thus opening up the possibilities of separation from even very dilute solute solutions. 

Whenever two phases come in contact with one another, an interfacial region forms within which physical and chemical characteristics of each phase are disturbed relative to interior (bulk) regions of each phase. At the air-water interface, for example, the directional orientation of water molecules is more pionounced than in bulk solution, in order to compensate for the lack of hydiogen-bonding partners on the gas-phase side of the interface. As a consequence, the dielectric constant and other solvent characteristics that influence liemical reactions are perturbed to some degree. Solute molecules added to mi water or solvent-water systems may reside predominately in one phase or the other, or may concentrate in the interfacial region. Whether or not solute molecules are surface-active depends on the relative energies of possible dilute solute, solute-solvent, and solvent-solvent interactions (Tanford, 1980). 

Dilute solution solution in which the number of solute particles is low. 

It can be seen from eq. 4.9 that absorbance is dimensionless. The absorbance is related to the concentration of the solution by the Beer-Lambert law (eq. 4.10) where e is the molar extinction (or absorption) coefficient of the dissolved sample. The extinction coefficient is a property of the compound and is independent of concentration for dilute solutions. Solution concentrations of the order of 10 moldm are typical, giving absorbance values <3. 

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