Diffusion of electrolytes

Graham-Uranoff They studied multicomponent diffusion of electrolytes in ion exchangers. They found that the Stefan-Maxwell interaction coefficients reduce to limiting ion tracer diffusivities of each ion. 

Maaloum, M Pernodet, N Tinland, B, Agarose Gel Structure Using Atomic Force Microscopy Gel Concentration and Ionic Strength Effects, Electrophoresis 19, 1606, 1998. Mackie, IS Meares, P, The Diffusion of Electrolytes in a Cation-Exchange Resin Membrane I. Theortical, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A 232, 498, 1955. 

JS Mackie, P Meares. The diffusion of electrolytes in a cation-exchange resin membrane I. Theoretical. Proc Roy Soc Lond A232 498-509, 1955. 

As repeatedly stressed, the doping processes imply the diffusion of electrolyte counterions to compensate for the electric charge assumed by the polymeric chain and thus polymers are expected to experience changes of mass upon doping. Consequently, by monitoring these changes it is possible to control the nature and the extent of the doping processes. 

Vinograd JR, McBain JW. 1941. Diffusion of electrolytes and of ions in their mixtures. Journal of the American Chemical Society 63 2008-2015. 

R.M. Barter, Diffusion In and Through Solids, CambridgeUnivPress,London(194l) 4) Symposium on the Diffusion of Electrolytes and Macromolecules in Solution, AnnNYAcad-Sci 46, 211-39(1945) 5) F.H. Holmes,... 

Diffusion of Electrolytes in Polymers G.E. Zaikov, A.L. Iordanskii and VS. Markin... 

FIGURE 3.25 Diffusion of electrolyte ions into the pores of a conventional activated carbon and the ordered microporous carbon prepared using the zeolite template. 

Mackie JS, Meares P. The diffusion of electrolytes in a cationic membrane. I Theoretical. Proc R Soc London A 1955 232 498-509. 

Yeo and Chin have observed that the membrane hysteresis effect occurs when the change of electrolyte concentration is faster than the change of concentration in the membrane, which is controlled by the diffusion of electrolyte in the membrane. The electrolyte content in the membrane does not reach its equilibrium value under this condition. The authors have thus suggested various methods for controlling this hysteresis effect and the electrolyte content of the membrane, so that a higher cell efficiency can be obtained. 

During his Leipzig period, Nernst performed a series of electrochemical studies from which, at the age of twenty-five, he arrived at his well-known equations. These equations described the concentration dependence of the potential difference of galvanic cells, such as batteries, and were of both great theoretical and practical importance. Nernst started with the investigation of the diffusion of electrolytes in one solution. Then he turned to the diffusion at the boundary between two solutions with different electrolyte concentrations he determined that the osmotic pressure difference would result in an electric potential difference or electromotive force (emf). Next he divided both solutions into two concentration half-cells, connected to each other by a liquid junction, and measured the emf via electrodes dipped into both solutions. The data supported his first equation where the... 

When diffusion of electrolyte and osmosis of solvent are negligible, the flux of ion i is... 

Example 4. The transport number during electrodialysis (dynamic state transport number) may be measured using a similar two-compartment cell with reversible electrodes such as silver-silver chloride electrodes (Figure 4.6). The transport number is calculated from the transported ions and the amount of electricity passed through the membrane, which is measured with a coulometer. To eliminate the effect on the transport number of electrolytes diffusing through the membrane, it is desirable that a solution of the same concentration be used on both sides of the membrane. When there is a concentration difference between the two sides, the transport number is affected by diffusion of electrolytes through the membrane. 

G. Manecke and H. Heller, Simultaneous diffusion of electrolyte and non-electrolytes through ion exchange membranes, Disc. Faraday Soc., 1956, 21, 101-110 J.S. Mackie and P. Meares, The sorption and diffusion of ethanol in a cation exchange resin membrane, ibid., 1956, 21, 111-140. 

The use of the macro-d5uiamical method previously in connection with the osmotic theory of force [the diffusion of electrolytes and ionic mobilities by Nemst diffusion and the hydrodynamic (Stokes ) radius of molecules according to W. Sutherland and Einstein] is weU known. An alternative, simple formulation of two-component diffusion, Eq. (10), is possible if another form of the thermod5mamic factor, based upon osmotic pressme is applied ... 

CONDUCTANCE AND DIFFUSION OF ELECTROLYTES Definition of conductivity (specific conductance) ... 

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