Differential transmission coefficient

The experimental values of the differential transn ssion coefficient D and of the integral transmission coefficient D for thirteen runs have been calculated by Equation 6 and Equation 7... 

The Pb(N3)2 films were prepared by exposing vacuum-evaporated films of Pb to the vapor of an aqueous HN3 solution (Chapter 2). Optical measurements were for the most part made at wavelength ranges of high extinction coefficient which are not easily accessible using single crystals and transmission techniques. The measurements are thought to deal mostly with intrinsic optical transitions as differentiated from the optical properties presented elsewhere in this section which deal more directly with imperfections. 

In Eq. (8.49), k is the rate coefficient for reaction, the quantities in square brackets are the number densities of the ions and analyte A, t is the reaction time and De is a differential diffusion enhancement coefBcient that accommodates the difference in diffusion rate to the walls between reagent ions and product ions. Ions with larger m/z generally have slower rates of diffusion than smaller ions. Another important factor when using quadrupole mass filters is to account for the reduced transmission of heavier ions. The two opposing effects of diffusion and transmission oppose each other. A proper analysis will account for both effects. 

Experimental Validation. The following types of measurement have been used to evaluate the accuracy of Doppler effect calculations (a) the South-west Experimental Fast Oxide Reactor (SEFOR) was built and operated specifically to measure Doppler effects (or fast-acting fuel reactivity feedback effects with expansion effects minimised) (b) the dependence of reactivity on temperature in operating power reactors, such as PHENDC and SUPER-PHENDC (fi-om the non-linearity of the temperature coefficient, for example) (c) the ZEBRA 5 Doppler Loop experiments, in which a test zone was heated. Experiments were performed with and without sodium present (d) the temperature dependence of the reactivity worths of small samples oscillated at the centre of critical assemblies (e) the differences in reaction rates in samples irradiated at different temperatures and (f) temperature dependent thick sample transmission and self-indication measurements, which are usually analj ed together with the differential nuclear data to provide average resonance parameter data. The uncertainties in extrapolating fi-om these comparisons to the conditions in an operating power reactor must also be taken into account. 

Oxygen Permeance (P 02) may be defined as the ratio of the oxygen transmission rate to the differential partial pressure of oxygen on the two sides of the film. Oxygen Permeabihty Coefficient (PO2) is the product of the permeance and the thickness of the him as shown by Eqn (8.19). 

Again, our enquiry centers around the instability of the homogeneous reference state, which in this case is the state of continuous wave (CW) laser operation. The movement of the photons relative to the stationary laser medium and absorber is intrinsic, hence it provides a required differential flow. The saturable absorber, whose absorption coefficient + hFhi) (the symbols are defined below) depends on the photon flux density F, gives rise to an unstable subsystem as follows. The absorber causes a localized fluctuation of the light field to grow, since the transmission of the partly saturated absorber increases (decreases) in response to an increasing (decreasing) photon flux. In the three-variable description of the laser, in terms of photon density and the populations of absorber and laser medium, the unstable (or activator) subsystem is therefore formed by the photon density and the population of the absorber. As shown below, the three-variable description reduces to the classical two-variable case [10]. 

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