Diamond electrodes extreme conditions

Diamond electrodes thus open up new opportunities for work under extreme conditions, including very high anodic potentials, surfactant-rich... 

To conclude the discussion on quasi-reversible reactions, we now direct our attention to sonoelectrochemical reactions on diamond electrodes [107-109], In sonoelectrochemistry, power ultrasound is applied to electrochemical cell, causing forced convection in the electrode-electrolyte system. As a result of the enhanced mass transfer, non-steady-state potentiodynamic curves with current peak turn to steady-state curves with a limiting current plateau (Fig. 21). Notice a significant increase in the current. It must be emphasized that in sonoelectrochemistry electrode materials are exposed to extreme conditions with mechanical strains induced by pressure waves and cavitation-induced liquid jets strong enough to cause severe erosion. Diamond withstands the sonoelectrochemical conditions perfectly. This opens up fresh possibilities for efficient electrolyses and electroanalyses with diamond electrodes. 

Lead-dioxide-coated electrodes are accessible by the sol-gel method described by Avaca, using Pb(acac)2 (23a) and a mixture of ethanol and acetic acid as starting materials. The solution was spread on a boron-doped diamond electrode body and heated at 400 °C for 1 h in argon atmosphere. Pb02 electrodes have been widely used as anodes under extreme conditions, due to their extended anodic window in aqueous media. ... 

Boron as a dopant allows silicon and carbon materials to significantly change their conductivity and thereby open up applications in particular with boron-doped diamond (sp -carbon) as mechanically and chemically robust electrode material. The range of beneficial effects of boron in boron-doped diamond as electrode materiaP has been reported. Bio-electrochemical processes like the oxidation of NADH are possible with diamond dominating the interfacial chemistry. The sp nature of the diamond allows adsorption processes to be modified, and electrode erosion to be minimised, with electroanalytical application even under extreme conditions, for example in the presence of ultrasound and for pharmaceutical components. Boron surface functional groups have been reported to be crucial for electron transfer, for example, during glucose oxidation. ... 

Diamond electrodes showed other possibilities for electrochemistry applications in media under extreme conditions and potentials anodic beyond 2V [48]. 

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