Diagrammatical representation crystal

Figure 3 Protein crystallization diagrammatic representation of the hanging-drop method of vapor diffusion.

Figure 4 Diagrammatic representation of single-crystal x-ray diffraction and data collection.

Fig. 9. Diagrammatic representation of a bulky host constitution (A) and (a)—(c) of crystal lattice-analogous arrangements of A (two-dimensional versions shaded areas represent the lattice voids)...

Fig. 4. Diagrammatic representation of layered crystal structures of rigid diols, with closed hydrogen bonding cycles. Open circles are oxygen atoms, filled circles hydrogen atoms, and the solid lines represent the connecting diol. Hydrogen bonds are shown as broken lines, (a) The structure of 2,6-dihydroxy-2,6-dimethyltricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decane (4). (b) The structure of erafo-2,e do-6-dihydroxy-2,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonane, (7)...

Fig. 4.2. Diagrammatic representation of the experimental crystal and beam geometries for p-polarized radiation incident upon the (111) crystal face as viewed (a) from the side and (b) from the top including the second atomic plane ( ). The crystal coordinates are labeled x, y, z with the Z direction along the [211] crystal direction. The beam coordinates are labeled s, k, z. From Ref. 122.

The H nmr spectrum is shown in reference 3, as are some diagrammatic representations of the structure. An x-ray crystal analysis of the structure has also been reported.5... 

Diagrammatic representation of the system of fractional crystallization used to separate salts of the rare-earth elements (reproduced with permission from D.M. Yost, H. Russell and C.S. Garner, The Rare Earth Elements and their Compounds, John Wiley, 1947.)... 

Fio. 2. Diagrammatic representation of a cross section through the (001) plane at the surface of a cuprous oxide crystal. Key O Oxygen atoms Copper atoms — — Protruding oxide surface . Buried oxide surface. 

Figure 6.30 Diagrammatic representation of forms of lyotropic liquid crystals.

Figure 6.32 Diagrammatic representation of forms of thermotropic liquid crystals (a) smectic, (b) nematic, and (c) cholesteric liquid crystals.

Figure 25-1 Diagrammatic representation of a fully extended polypeptide chain with the bond lengths and the bond angles derived from crystal structures and other experimental evidence. (From Corey, R. B., and Pauling, L Proc, R. Soc Lond. Ser. B 141 10. 1953.)...

Figure 1 Diagrammatic representation of the co-ordination about the K+ ions. The plane of the ligand ring shows only oxygen atoms. The benzene rings belong to two other ligand molecules in the crystal.

X-ray diffraction.) The protein molecules in the microcrystals are then covalently cross-linked by treatment with an appropriate multi-functional reagent, usually glutaraldehyde. This renders the crystals insoluble on transfer to different aqueous media. The cross-linked crystals are effectively another form of immobilized enzyme, and can be dried for transfer to low-water media by the same methods (again see further details in the discussion of water effects below). Cross-linked crystals are available commercially for a number of enzymes. Figure 8-1 shows a diagrammatic representation of the organization of the protein molecules in lyophilized powders, immobilized enzymes and cross-linked crystals. 

This format involves modification of the gold surface with an appropriate immobilisation layer followed by attachment of the specific antibody. This antibody-coated crystal can be exposed to a solution containing the analyte, which will bind specifically fo fhe surface and cause a frequency change. In most cases, the frequency change is proportional to the mass added and thus the concentration of the analyte. A diagrammatic representation of a capture is seen in Fig. 1. 

As with the capture, prepared crystals can be applied to a real sample and give results in a few moments without the need for extra assay steps or washings. A diagrammatic representation of a displacement is seen in Fig. 1. 

Competition assays can also be performed by immobilisation of the analyte to the crystal surface. A fixed concentration of the specific antibody is pre-incubated with the free analyte in a test solution, and this solution added to the crystal. Any free antibody will specifically bind to the immobilised analyte on the crystal surface. The lower the concentration of analyte in the test solution the more antibody will bind to the surface and thus a larger frequency change will be observed. This format eliminates the need for a label (but the immobihsed analyte is often a conjugate) but involves an extra incubation step. A diagrammatic representation of a capture is seen in Fig. 1. 

Figure 1. Diagrammatic representation of (SN). chains in the 102 plane of an (SN) crystal...

Fig. 3.5 A-E. Diagrammatical representation of a crystal surface showing the process of growth horn pure solution. A, ions or moleciiles diffuse to the surface from bulk solution B, dehydration and adsorption at the surface C, two-dimensional diffusion across the surface to active sites D, onedimensional difrusion along a step to a kink or dislocation site E, incorpioration into the active site. Each step may be energetically demanding...

The state of supersaturation is an essential requirement for all crystallization operations. Ostwald (1897) first introduced the terms labile and metastable supersaturation to classify supersaturated solutions in which spontaneous (primary) nucleation (see section 5.1) would or would not occur, respectively. The work of Miers and Isaac (1906, 1907) on the relationship between supersaturation and spontaneous crystallization led to a diagrammatic representation of the metastable zone on a solubility-supersolubility diagram Figure 3.9). The... 

Figure 6.9. Two-dimensional diagrammatic representation of steps on a crystal face...

Fig. 38b. Diagrammatic representation of the arrangement of the fatty acid chains in the crystal lattice.

Figure 1.25 Diagrammatic representation of the effect of temperature on a polymer assuming equilibrium heating/cooling condition. For those polymers which might crystallize, if cooling from the melt is more rapid than the rate of crystallization, then the polymer might be quenched to...

Fioubb 4. A diagrammatic representation of a fully extended polypeptide chain with the bond lengths and bond angles derived from crystal structures and other experimental evidence. 

Fig. 5-2. A diagrammatic representation (ignoring OH") of the hydroxyapatite crystal-solution interface. The quantitative relations between crystal and bound ions as represented here have been established experimentally (from Neuman, W.F. and Neuman, M.W. [3])...

Figure 1.11 Diagrammatic representation of chain folding in polymer crystals with the folds drawn sharp and regular (Reproduced with permission from Keller, Rep. Progr. Phys., 31, 623 (1969))...

Solid-state crystal electrodes have a life of about 1-2 years. However, if used at high temperatures, their life gets shortened considerabfy (1-3 months). Figure 2.3 is a diagrammatic representation of the crystal electrode. 

Figure 28.8 A diagrammatic representation of the four regions among which ions in solution may exchange with those in the crystal lattice of apatite. Step I is a rapid reaction which accounts for part I of the curve in Figure 28.6. Steps II and III account for parts II and III respectively in Figure 28.6...

Figure 2.24(a) Diagrammatic representation of the effect of progressively adding water to a mixture of PNE, PFE and n-hexane. L, liquid Gg, gel E, emulsion Mj, middle phase liquid crystal G, neat phase liquid crystal, (b) Diagrammatic quaternary phase diagram for the system PNE-PFE-water-n-hexane at 25° C. From Groves et al [42] with permission. 

Figure 9.27(a) A representation of the effect of anionic and cationic surfactants on the habit of adipic acid crystals with (b) a diagrammatic representation of the arrangement of the adipic acid molecules at the crystal surface. 

A pictorial representation of these two stages is shown in Figure 6.11 where the various concentration driving forces can be seen. It must be clearly understood, however, that this is only diagrammatic the driving forces will rarely be of equal magnitude, and the concentration drop across the stagnant film is not necessarily linear. Furthermore, there appears to be some confusion in recent crystallization literature between this hypothetical film and the more fundamental boundary layers (see section 6.3.2). 

TABLE 2.19 The Diagrammatic/Projective Representation of the Space Groups and the Pearson Classification for Representative Examples of Crystals Primitives ... 

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