Diagrammatical models

Figure 8.1 Diagrammatic model of the global carbon cycle. Questions marks indicate that no estimates are available. Figures are in units of lO tonnes of contained carbon but estimates from various sources sometimes differ by factors of 3 or more. The diagram is based on one by B. Bolin modified to include more recent data. ...

The most common way in which the global carbon budget is calculated and analyzed is through simple diagrammatical or mathematical models. Diagrammatical models usually indicate sizes of reservoirs and fluxes (Figure 1). Most mathematical models use computers to simulate carbon flux between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere, and between oceans and the atmosphere. Existing carbon cycle models are simple, in part, because few parameters can be estimated reliably. 

This chapter covers the preparation and presentation of the process flow-sheet. The flowsheet is the key document in process design. It shows the arrangement of the equipment selected to carry out the process the stream connections stream flow-rates and compositions and the operating conditions. It is a diagrammatic model of the process. 

Figure 3. Diagrammatic models and representative traces of absorbance changes that show the kinetics and inhibition by quercetin (Quer.) of (A) valinomycin-induced swelling of mung mitochondria suspended in isosmotic KCl (B) swelling of mung bean mitochondria suspended in isosmotic ammonium phosphate and (C) swelling of mung bean mitochondria suspended in isosmotic prollne.

A diagrammatic model of the probable actions of a neurotransmitter at the synapse is shown in figure 4. Drugs could alter neurotransmitter function by influencing one or more of these steps. Current theories as to the possible nature of the interaction of hallucinogenic drugs with serotonin and NE functions have tended to favor the concept that they function as false transmitters and can be bound into the receptor site in place of the endogenous neuro transmitters ... 

Fig. 1. Diagrammatic model of the terrestrial carbon cyde. Estimates are given in 10 tons. Question mark indicates that estimates are not available.

Fig. 12. A diagrammatic model ofthe arrangement oftwo carotenes (labeled as carotenoid 489 and carotenoid 507) in the reaction center molecLde of PS II. P680is the reaction center Chi a dimer, whereas D1 and D2 are the two proteins where the chromophores are housed. The scheme shown here was modified and adapted from Mimuro et al. (1995). For a more complete model of Photosystem II reaction center and a different view of the arrangement of carotenoids, see Xiong etal. (1998).

Figure 1.4 Diagrammatic model of the active sites of carboxypeptidase-A and angiotensin converting enzyme and putative interaction modes with substrates and inhibitors (adapted from ref. 6).

Project network techniques provide a means to determine the sequence of activities and their subsequent scheduling. Through a network analysis process, also referred to as CPM (critical path method) or PERT (programme evaluation review technique), constituent project activities are assembled into a logical, diagrammatic model, and then analysed in terms of time and resource. The planning sequence runs as follows ... 

Figure 5.9. Diagrammatic model of the mechanism of SEIformation on graphite...

Figure 5.10. Diagrammatic models of the suggested mechanisms for reversible lithium storage in high-capacity carbon materials...

Figure 5.(5. Diagrammatic model of Parkinsonian pathophysiology (after Steg [I84 and Caine [5]).

Fault Trees and Event Trees are formalized diagrammatical models that trace paths from a top Hazard (unwanted event) to the basic input events via logic gates and the development of a Hazard through to the consequences resulting from success or failure of systems intended to mitigate effects of the initiating event. 

Fig. 7.7 opposite). Diagrammatic models of possible structure sieve tubes. 

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