DHAP dihydroxyacetone

ALDP, DHAP, dihydroxyacetone phosphate DHAPAT, dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase NALD, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy RCDP, rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata X-ALD, X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy ZS, Zellweger s syndrome. 

DHAP dihydroxyacetone phosphate GFP green fluorescent protein... 

Gly-3-PDH glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase DHAP dihydroxyacetone phosphate CoASH Coenzyme A... 

DHAP Dihydroxyacetone phosphate GABA y-Aminobutyric acid... 

Summary of anaerobic glycolysis. Reactions involving the production or consumption of ATP or NADH are indicated. The irreversible reactions of glycolysis are shown with thick arrows. DHAP = dihydroxyacetone phosphate. 

The calculated free energy profile of the reaction catalyzed by triosephosphate isomerase. (Enz = enzyme DHAP = dihydroxyacetone phosphate GAP = glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.) The free energy changes associated with binding of DHAP and GAP to the enzyme are calculated on the assumption that DHAP and GAP are present at concentrations of 40 /um. 

DHAP dihydroxyacetone phosphate HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography... 

Fig. 10.1 Cellular formation and metabolism of methylglyoxal (MG). AGEs advanced glycoxida-tion endproducts DHAP dihydroxyacetone phosphate G3P glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate F-6P fructose 6-phosphate F-1,6P2 fmctose 1,6-bisphosphate Gly-I II glyoxalase I II SSAO semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase AMO amine oxidase.

Fig. 5.1. Fermentation pathways present in facultative anaerobic eukaryotes. Examples of fermentation pathways present in the cytosol and in subcellular compartments. Fermentation processes localized in hydrogenosomes (1-3) and mitochondria (4) are indicated by the shaded box. Examples of the anaerobic ATP-producing organelles shown can be found in trichomon-ads (1), chytridiomycete fungi (2), Nyctotherus ovalis (3), and parasitic helminths, bivalves and Euglena gracilis (4). CoA coenzyme A, DHAP dihydroxyacetone phosphate, Fd ferredoxin, Gly-3-P, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, PFO pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase...

Figure 23-2. Metabolism in the fed state. An adequate supply of carbohydrate provides glucose to replenish glycogen stores. Dietary protein provides amino acids for protein synthesis. Dietary carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be metabolized to generate ATP. (For clarity, ATP generation during P-oxidation of fatty acids and substrate-level phosphorylation during glycolysis is not depicted.) Excess dietary carbohydrates and amino acids are converted to fatty acids and, along with excess dietary fatty acids, stored as triacylglycerols. DHAP, dihydroxyacetone phosphate.

PG = 3-phosphoglyceric acid G3P = glyceraldehyde 3-phosphatc DHAP = dihydroxyacetone phosphate FDP = fructose 1,6-diphosphate F6P = fructose 6-phosphate G6P = glucose 6-phosphate E4P = erythrose 4-phosphate X5P = xylulose 5-phosphate SDP = sedoheptulose 1,7-diphosphaie S7P = sedoheptulose 7-phosphate R5P = ribose 5-phosphate Ru5P = ribulose 5-phosphate RuDP = ribulose 1,5-diphosphate... 

Fig. 2.6. The numbers of ATP molecules produced in glycolysis and in the Krebs cycle. Thirty six ATPs result from the splitting of one glucose molecule. Note that each 6-carbon glucose splits into two 3-carbon molecules, each of which generates its own ATPs. Each NADH from the Krebs cycle yields 3 ATPs. Each FADH, yields 2 ATPs. Each NADH from the cytosol yields only 2 ATPs. Each GTP yields one ATP. DHAP, Dihydroxyacetone phosphate. ...

FDP = fmctose-1,6-diphosphate DHAP = dihydroxyacetone phosphate KDO = 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate P = O3P. 

Examples of enzymes catalyzing the equilibria of natural products with various aldol donors and various aldehydes (the wavy line indicating the C-C bond involved in the reversibie aidoi reaction). FDP= Fnictose-1,6-diphos-phat DHAP = dihydroxyacetone phosphate, KDO=3-deoxy-D-manflo-octuiosonate, P = 03P... 

Figure 6-6. Synthesis of fatty acids and triacylglycerols from glucose. G-6-P = glucose 6-phosphate F-6-P = fructose 6-phosphate F-1.6-P = fructose 1,6-bisphosphate DHAP = dihydroxyacetone phosphate AcCoA = acetyl CoA VLDL = very-low-density lipoprotein.

Figure 6-9. Regulation of triacylglycerol stores in adipose tissue. Left = in the fed state. Right = in the fasted state. TG = triacylglycerol FA = fatty acid LPL = lipoprotein lipase DHAP = dihydroxyacetone phosphate = stimulated by circled TG = triacylglycerol of chylomicrons and VLDL.

Figure 6-14. Synthesis of phospholipids. FA = fatty acid DHAP = dihydroxyacetone phosphate SAM = S-adenosylmethionine.

Nonoxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway. Numbers in parentheses show the distribution of carbon atoms between the various branches of each reaction. TK = transketolase GAP = glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate DHAP = dihydroxyacetone phosphate P = phosphate. 

Abbreviations used Gal-l-P, galactose-l-phosphate UDPG, uridine diphosphate glucose G-l-P, glucose-l-phosphate G-6-P, glucose-6-phosphate F-6-P, fructose-6-phosphate F-l,6-P, fructose-1,6-diphosphate G-3-P, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate DHAP, dihydroxyacetone phosphate F-l-P, fructose-1-phosphate PG, 6-phospho-gluconic acid R-5-P, ribulose-5-phosphate S-7-P, sedoheptulose-7-phosphate. 

Fig. 1. Phospholipid biosynthetic pathways in animal cells. The abbreviations are DHAP, dihydroxyacetone phosphate G-3-P, glycerol-3-phosphate PA, phosphatidic acid DG, diacylglycerol CDP-DG, cytidine diphosphodiacylglycerol PI, phosphatidylinositol PG, phosphatidylglycerol PG-P, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate DPG, diphosphatidylglycerol PP, phosphatidic acid phosphatase PE, phosphatidylethanolamine PC phosphatidylcholine PEMT, phosphatidylethanolamine A-methyltransferase CT, CTP phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase PS, phosphatidylserine CK/EK, choline/ethanolamine kinase CPT, CDP-choline 1,...

Fig 9. Overview of the major pathways of glucose metabolism. Pathways for production of blood glucose are shown by dashed lines. FA = fatty acids TG = triacylglycerols OAA = oxaloacetate PEP = phosphoenolpyruvate UDP-G = UDP-glucose DHAP = dihydroxyacetone phosphate. 

Fig. 31.15. Glucose metabolism in various tissues. A. Effect of insulin on glycogen synthesis and degradation and on VLDL synthesis in the liver. B. Glucose metabolism in resting muscle in the fed state. The transport of glucose into cells and the synthesis of glycogen are stimulated by insulin. C. Glucose metabolism in adipose tissue in the fed state. FA = fatty acids DHAP = dihydroxyacetone phosphate. FA = fatty acids TG = triacylglycerols -I- = stimulated by insulin — = inhibited by insulin.

Table 8.1 Summary of kinetic constants for the enzymes featured in Section 8.1 of Chapter 8. ALL the data are obtained from the enzyme database - BRENDA (http //www.brenda-enzymes.info/) except where indicated (a) vaLue of k n/Kn estimated assuming aLL substrate added in buffer is avaiLabLe to enzyme i.e., has not been sequestered as acetaL or ketaL derivatives, as appropriate) (b) kcat data from FieLds et aL, 2006 (c) /feat data from rat source (d) kinetic data from Masaki et ai, 2001 (e) /Ccat data from Day and Shaw, 1992 (f) kinetic data from bovine source (g) kinetic data from human source (h) aLL kinetic data from Wright et ai, 2006. Abbreviations GAP 3-gLyceraLdehyde 3-phosphate DHAP dihydroxyacetone phosphate OAA oxaLoacetate NADH reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucLeotide chloramp chLoramphenicoL thio-ACh thio acetyLchoLine. Roman numeraL denote compounds iLLustrated in the set of structures accompanying this tabLe. 

Fig. 6.1 Reaction scheme of the system under study. Glc, glucose HK, hexokinase PGI, phos-phoglucose isomerase PFK, phosphofructokinase ALD, aldolase TIM, triose phosphate isomerase G3PDH, glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1,3BPG 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate PGK, phospho-glycerate kinase G6P, glucose 6-phosphate F6P, fructose 6-phosphate ATP, adenosine triphosphate ADP, adenosine diphosphate PEP, phospho-enolpyruvate F1,6BP, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate DHAP, dihydroxyacetone phosphate G3P, glycerol 3-phosphate GAP, glyceraldehyde...

DHAP Dihydroxyacetone phosphate PRPP 5-Phospho-D-ribosyl-... 

Figure 2. Biosynthesis of plasmalogens in mammalian tissues. Enzymes (1) dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase (2) 1-acyldihydroxyacetone phosphate synthase (3) 1-alkyldihydroxyacetone phosphate oxidoreductase (4) l-alkyl-5n-glycero-3-phosphate acyltransferase (5) 1-afkyl 2-acyl-5w-glycero-3-phosphohydrolase (6) CDP-ethanolamine transferase (7) l-alkyl-2-acyl-5w-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine desaturase (8) methyltransferases and base-exchange enzymes. CDP-ethanolamine, cytidine diphosphoethanolamine. CMP, cytidine monophosphate. CoA, coenzyme A. DHAP, dihydroxyacetone phosphate. NADH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced form. NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidized form. Pi, phosphate.

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