Developmental toxicity arsenic

Tabocova S, Hunter ES III, Gladen BC. Developmental toxicity of inorganic arsenic in whole embryo Culture oxidation state, dose, time, and gestational age dependence. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1996 138 298-307. 

Desesso JM, Jacobson CP, Scialli AR, Parr CH and Holson JF (1998) An assessment of the developmental toxicity of inorganic arsenic. Reprod Toxicol 12 389-433. 

Golub, M.S., Macintosh, M.S., Baumrind, N. (1998). Developmental and reproductive toxicity of inorganic arsenic animal studies and human concerns. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1 199-241. 

Future studies on the prenatal and developmental toxicology of arsenicals should consider deleterious effects in non-rodent species. Elucidation of chronic, low-level arsenicalism in relation to prenatal mortality and teratogenicity is an important step towards a more precise assessment of the possible hazard to humans and food-producing animals. The compounds should be given to the test animals by the same routes by which the target species are exposed, primarily by inhalation and in the drinking water. Attention should be paid to not only the concentration of total arsenic in maternal and embryonic tissues associated with the induction of prenatal toxicity, but to the concentrations and toxicokinetics of the various chemical species. 

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