Developmental hazards effects

Developmental Hazards (Effects). Over the last few years our... 

Developmental hazards may be expressed as death of conceptus, live malformed offspring, developmental ly delayed/runted offspring, and functionally impaired offspring. Death and altered development may be the results of a poor environment presented by the dam or a direct effect upon organogenesis and development of the conceptus/offspring. 

Parental Hazards (Effects). For assessment of reproductive and developmental risk, parental hazards, both paternal and maternal, must be identified and evaluated. Parental hazards can be expressed as altered nutritional state, functional impairment, and systemic toxicity. Because of possible indirect affects, knowledge and evaluation of non-reproductive/non-developmental toxicity studies are useful. This information is available by examination of subchronic and chronic toxicity studies. 

To help public health professionals and others address the needs of persons living or working near hazardous waste sites, the information in this section is organized first by route of exposure (inhalation, oral, and dermal) and then by health effect (death, systemic, immunological, neurological, reproductive, developmental, genotoxic, and carcinogenic effects). These data are discussed in terms of three exposure periods acute (14 days or less), intermediate (15-364 days), and chronic (365 days or more). 

Children sometimes differ from adults in their susceptibility to hazardous chemicals, but whether there is a difference depends on the chemical (Guzelian et al. 1992 NRC 1993). Children may be more or less susceptible than adults to health effects and the relationship may change with developmental age (Guzelian et al. 1992 NRC 1993). Vulnerability often depends on developmental stage. There are critical periods of structural and functional development during both pre-natal and post-natal life and a particular structure or function will be most sensitive to disruption during its critical period(s). Damage... 

Children sometimes differ from adults in their susceptibility to hazardous chemicals, but whether there is a difference depends on the chemical (Guzelian et al. 1992 NRC 1993). Children may be more or less susceptible than adults to health effects, and the relationship may change with developmental age... 

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