Development-centred solutions

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A more realistic model of this solution was developed in 1950 by Rory and Krigbaum, and assumes that the polymer consists of approximately spherical clusters of segments. These clusters have a maximum density of segments at their centre and this density decreases with distance from the centre in an approximately Gaussian distribution. 

Ispra Mark 13A A flue-gas desulfurization process developed at the Joint Research Centre of the European Community at Ispra, Italy, from 1979. It uses a novel electrochemical method to regenerate the solution used for absorbing the sulfur dioxide. The products are concentrated sulfuric acid and hydrogen. The absorbent is a dilute aqueous solution of sulfuric and hydrobromic acids, containing a small amount of elemental bromine. Sulfur dioxide reacts with the bromine thus ... 

As usual, we must first solve for the velocity profile. The flow can be taken as laminar for low Reynolds numbers, vR/i> < 2500, where v is the maximum velocity of the flow reached at the centre of the channel (r = 0) [52], For simplicity, we will consider the particular case where the Poiseuille velocity profile has been fully developed when the solution carrying the active species... 

Recent developments and prospects of these methods have been discussed in a chapter by Schneider et al. (2001). It was underlined that these methods are widely applied for the characterization of crystalline materials (phase identification, quantitative analysis, determination of structure imperfections, crystal structure determination and analysis of 3D microstructural properties). Phase identification was traditionally based on a comparison of observed data with interplanar spacings and relative intensities (d and T) listed for crystalline materials. More recent search-match procedures, based on digitized patterns, and Powder Diffraction File (International Centre for Diffraction Data, USA.) containing powder data for hundreds of thousands substances may result in a fast efficient qualitative analysis. The determination of the amounts of different phases present in a multi-component sample (quantitative analysis) is based on the so-called Rietveld method. Procedures for pattern indexing, structure solution and refinement of structure model are based on the same method. 

The sub-lattice model is now the predominant model used in most CALPHAD calculations, whether it be to model an interstitial solid solution, an intermetallic compound such as 7-TiAl or an ionic solution. Numerous early papers, often centred around Fe-X-C systems, showed how the Hillert-Staffansson sub-lattice formalism (Hillert and Staffansson 1970) could be applied (see for example Lundberg et al. (1977) on Fe-Cr-C (Fig. 10.8) and Chatfteld and Hillert (1977) on Fe-Mo-C (Fig. 10.9)). Later work on systems such as Cr-Fe (Andersson and Sundman 1987) (Fig. 10.10) showed how a more generalised sub-lattice treatment developed by Sundman and Agren (1981) could be applied to multi-sub-lattice phases such as a. 

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