Standing detonations

Detonation, Standing Wave. See "Standing Detonation Wave , under DETONATION WAVES... 

At the works of the Cotton-Powder Company Limited, at Faversham, the fulminate is mixed wet with a very finely ground mixture of gim-cotton and chlorate of potash, in about the proportions of 6 parts fulminate, 1 part gun-cotton, and 1 part chlorate. The water in which the fulminate is usually stored is first drained off, and replaced by displacement by methyl-alcohol. While the fulminate is moist with alcohol, the gim-cotton and chlorate mixture is added, and well mixed with it. This mixture is then distributed in the detonators standing in a finme, and each detonator is put separately into a machine for the purpose of pressing the paste into the detonator shell. 

I had heard about the schoolyard situation from Akihiro Taka-hashi just a day earlier. He was fourteen when the bomb detonated, standing in the playground of his school for morning assembly. 

Petrie, M. A. et al., J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8802 All salts of this cation were friction and shock sensitive, too sensitive for actual use as explosives. The most sensitive though, with estimated energy of 5.4 kJ/g, not the most powerful, was the perchlorate. Even though prepared on low milligram scale this invariably detonated spontaneously during work-up or soon after. The more powerful dinitramide (5.8 kJ/g) decomposed non-explosively on standing. See other ORGANIC AZIDES... 

This tetramer of acetylene decomposes violently on distillation at 156°C, but not at reduced pressure [1]. It polymerises on standing to a solid detonable by shock [2], Explosions occurred dining attempted analytical combustion [3],... 

A filtered solution, prepared by heating mercuric oxide with a slight excess of perchloric acid, after standing for several months precipitated a little unidentified white solid. This (but not the supernatant liquid) was very shock sensitive, and detonated as it was being rinsed out with water. (Traces of a volatile amine may have been absorbed into the acid liquor to give an amminemercury perchlorate, expected to be explosive). 

Thus, it appears that solutions in region I are possible, but only in the transient state, since external effects quickly break down this state. Some investigators have claimed to have measured strong detonations in the transient state. There also exist standing detonations that are strong. Overdriven detonations have been generated by pistons, and some investigators have observed oblique detonations that are overdriven. 

Dabora, E. K., and J. C. Broda. 1993. Standing normal detonations and oblique detonations for propulsion. AlAA Paper No. 93-2325. 

They also investigated the limits of deton of gases which posses suitable properties for the possible achievement of a standing deton wave. A few photographs were taken with a small rectangular tube used as a "flame tube In these tests the film diaphragm was left out and the entire tube filled with. a test gas. 

Let us consider (as in Fig 1) a standing detonation or deflagration wave where subscript (1) denotes conditions before the front (unburned gases) and subscript (2) conditions after the front (burned gases)... 

Detonation Waves, Stabilized- or Standing. See under Detonation Waves, Stationary., Standing-, or Stabilized... 

Detonation Waves, Stationary, Stand -ing-, or Stabilized. Under these terms are known waves which remain stationary relative to laboratory coordinates According to Nicholls et al (Refs 63,... 

Andreev Belyaev (I960), pp 230-43 (Hydrodynamic theory of detonation waves) 250-52 and Fig 4.61 (Interruption and reformation of detonation wave thru inert solid plates) 63) J.A. Nicholls E-K. Dabora, "Standing Detonation Waves, USDept Commerce, OfcTechServ PBRept 148528,... 

I. Hazal J. Comburini, CR 255, 509- 11 (1962) CA 57, 140 43 (1962) (Calculation of characteristics of explosion waves in pure or diluted Hydrazoic Acid) 79) J.A. Nicholls E.K. Dabora, "Recent Results on Standing Detonation Waves, 8th Symp Combstn (1962), 644-55 80) D.F. Homig, "Energy Exchange... 

This mixt is more powerful than TNT or Tetranitroaniline, but is insensitive to shock or friction and burns without detonation when dropped in a red hot crucible or ignited by flame. Its ignition temp is 194-208°. It cannot be stored for longer than 24-48 hours, as bubbles, resulting from decomposition of the H2 02, are evolved and the mass hardens. Moreover its explosive power decreased after 48 hours of standing (Ref 1)... 

Bromide, CyH5Br2.N2.Br obtd as yel crysts when the alcoholic soln in whicl the base has been diazotized is immediately treated with eth if allowed to stand for some time, eth ppts the salt as brn crysts in dry state both salts are very expl, detonating at 97-98° (Refs 1 8e 2)... 

This teat is conducted by placing the assembly vertically, at a known stand-off distance, above several layers of 0.5 inch thick armor-plate steel and detonating the charge. After detonation,the depth of hole, its average diameter at the top, and its volume are determined. Refs 1)TM 9—1910(1955),78—85 2)PATR 1740, Rev 1(1958) 3)Cook( 1958),226-64... 

Detonation waves, stationary, standing, or stabilized 4 D700... 

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