Detector multi-channel spectral

Complete MCP s can be stacked to provide even higher gains. For response in the vacuum ultra-violet spectral region (50-200 nm) a SSANACON, self-scanned anode array with microchannel plate electron multiplier, has been used (36). This involves photoelectron multiplication through two MOP S, collection of the electrons directly on aluminum anodes and readout with standard diode array circuitry. In cases where analyte concentrations are well above conventional detection limits, multi-element analysis with multi-channel detectors by atomic emission has been demonstrated to be quite feasible (37). Spectral source profiling has also been done with photodiode arrays (27.29.31). In molecular spectrometry, imaging type detectors have been used in spectrophotometry, spectrofluometry and chemiluminescence (23.24.26.33). These detectors are often employed to monitor the output from an HPLC or GC (13.38.39.40). 

All spectral elements are recorded simultaneously by the array detector, i. e. the measuring time with the shutter in its open position is very short The short illumination time permits the sample and reference positions to be positioned immediately after the light source. Multi-channel spectrometers may also be constructed as double beam instruments. For special measurements, e. g. rapid kinetic investigations, when the chopper frequency is too low with respect to the rate of... 

The fluorescence radiation is usually recorded with a Si(Li) detector and is registered by a multi-channel analyser as is the norm in energy-dispersive spectrometry. The detector is mounted directly above the sample, perpendicular to the sample support, at a distance of less than 1 mm in order to enlarge the angle of reception and to maximise the fluorescence intensity. Si(Li) detectors with active areas of 30 and SOnun and spectral resolutions of about 135 and 150 e V at 5.9 keV, respectively, are in common use. Normally measurements are performed in ambient air. 

There has been renewed interest in the method, mainly due to the availability of improved Nd YAG laser systems. In addition, different types of detectors, such as microchannel plates coupled to photodiodes and CCDs, in combination with multi-channel analyzers make it possible for an analytical line and an internal standard line to be recorded simultaneously, by which the analytical precision can be considerably improved. By optimizing the ablation conditions and the spectral observation, detection limits obtained using the laser plume as a source for atomic emission spectrometry are in the 50-100 pg/g range and RSDs are in the region of 1% as shown by the determination of Si and Mg in low-alloyed steels [255, 259]. This necessitates the use of slightly reduced pressure, so that the atom vapor cloud is no longer optically very dense and the background emission intensities become lower. In the case of laser ablation of brass samples at normal pressure and direct... 

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