Design considerations performance calculations

This paper discusses the prospects for creating 3-D architectures for batteries. We next introduce calculations for the 3-D interdigitated array battery (Figure 2a). which will illustrate the design considerations under which the 3-D configuration leads to better performance than the conventional 2-D one. Other sections then discuss the prior art in small power, followed by the materials, synthetic, and fabrication approaches required to achieve 3-D designs. Finally, we review the present status of the systems most likely to demonstrate true 3-D battery operation. 

In general design work, the magnitudes of safety factors are dictated by economic or market considerations, the accuracy of the design data and calculations, potential changes in the operating performance, background information -available on the overall process, and the amount of conservatism used in... 

The development of Remote Field Eddy Current probes requires experience and expensive experiments. The numerical simulation of electromagnetic fields can be used not only for a better understanding of the Remote Field effect but also for the probe lay out. Geometrical parameters of the prohe can be derived from calculation results as well as inspection parameters. An important requirement for a realistic prediction of the probe performance is the consideration of material properties of the tube for which the probe is designed. The experimental determination of magnetization curves is necessary and can be satisfactory done with a simple experimental setup. 

In working through process control examples, we found that many calculations, data checks, rate checks and other computationally intensive tasks are done at the first level of inference. Considerations of computational efficiency led to a design utilizing two parallel processors with a shared memory (Figure 1). One of the processors is a 68010 programmed in C code. This processor performs computationally intensive, low level tasks which are directed by the expert system in the LISP processor. 

In working with enzyme and transport kinetics we already have a program of considerable sophistication, PENNZYME ( ) to fit experimental data to rate laws by optimization methods and to display the results of the fitting process. This program would require extension to perform experimental design functions (such as calculating design... 

There are many ways that two phases can be contacted, and for each the design equation will be unique. Design equations for these ideal flow patterns may be developed without too much difficulty. However, when real flow deviates considerably from these, we can do one of two things we may develop models to mirror actual flow closely, or we may calculate performance with ideal patterns which bracket actual flow. Fortunately, most real reactors for heterogeneous systems can be satisfactorily approximated by one of the five ideal flow patterns of Fig. 17.1. Notable exceptions are the reactions which take place in fluidized beds. There special models must be developed. 

Conformational analysis can be performed using a variety of methods.1161 Most important are X-ray analysis and NMR spectroscopic techniques, which allow detailed insights into the topology of the peptides. NMR combined with molecular dynamic calculations provides the spatial structure of the peptide, but also its dynamics in solution.13643491 Additional information can be obtained from FTIR,15,4521 CD,151,53-551 or Raman spectroscopy. 56,571 The results derived from such conformational analysis of cyclic peptides have a considerable impact on the study of the bioactive conformations of peptides and on the design of cyclic peptides as proteinomimetics.124,58,59,6301... 

Development of solvent extraction processes in the petroleum industry and theoretical aspects of solvent extraction are reviewed. Six extraction processes which have received industrial acceptance are described and performance characteristics of furfural, phenol, and Duosol processes are compared. Data are presented to demonstrate the applicability of adsorption analyses for stock evaluation and prediction of commercial extraction yields. Correlations for predicting solvent requirements and layer compositions and process design and engineering considerations are included. The desirability of further fundamental work to facilitate design calculations from physical data is suggested. 

---