Desiccated toxicity

Thyroid (desiccated) USP (Armouf , others) Desiccated pork or beef thyroid glands contains T3 and T4 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, and 5-grain tablets 1 grain (65 mg) Non-physiologic for humans unpredictable hormone content and stability T3 content may cause toxicity... 

N,N -dimethylformamide (DMF) Solid NIP-Cap-OSu should be stored desiccated at -20°C. DMF is toxic by inhalation and skin absorption, and should be handled with gloves in a fume hood. Prepare just prior to use... 

Evaporate the contents on a water bath, under the hood(avoiding inhaling the vapors of CC14 which are very toxic), cool the dish in a desiccator and weigh... 

Cadmium compounds are very toxic and a suitable face mask should be worn to prevent inhalation of dust. Anhydrous cadmium chloride can be obtained from the commercially available hydrated compound in the following way dry the hydrate to constant weight at 110°C grind finely, dry again for 2-3 hours at 110°C and then place in a screw-capped bottle and keep in a desiccator over calcium chloride. The use of anhydrous cadmium chloride in synthesis is described in Expts 5.94 and 6.126. 

The use of desiccated thyroid rather than synthetic preparations is never justified, since the disadvantages of protein antigenicity, product instability, variable hormone concentrations, and difficulty in laboratory monitoring far outweigh the advantage of low cost. Significant amounts of T3 found in some thyroid extracts and liotrix may produce significant elevations in T3 levels and toxicity. Equivalent doses are 100 mg (1.5 g) of desiccated thyroid, 100 Mg of levothyroxine, and 37.5 ug of liothyronine. 

Dinoseb is a nitrophenolic compound, once widely used as an herbicide and plant desiccant, that is noted for its toxic effects. The chemical name of this compound is 4,6-dinitro-2-,v< o butylphenol, and its structure is... 

Sulphite is known to cause growth inhibition and injuries to plants (Garsed, 1981). The toxicity to Zea mays of root applied sulphite has been investigated by Bertelsen and Gissel-Nielsen (1987). Sulphite toxicity produced greyness of the leaves with flabbiness and desiccation. The symptoms were more pronounced at low pH and in non-aerated solutions at higher pH values. The toxicity was found to decrease in the order S02(aq) > HSOf > SOj. ... 

Failure of the thyroid to produce sufficient thyroid hormone is the most common cause of hypothyroidism and is known as primary hypothyroidism. Secondary hypothyroidism occurs much less often and results from diminished release of TSH from the pituitary. Treatment of hypothyroidism is achieved by the replacement of thyroid hormone, primarily T4. A synthetic preparation of T4 is available, levothyroxine (Synthroid ), which has been a popular choice for hypothyroidism because of its consistent potency and prolonged duration of action. No toxicity occurs when given in physiological replacement doses. Desiccated animal thyroid is also available at a lesser cost. Overdoses cause symptoms of hyperthyroidism and can be used as a guide in clinical management. Hypothyroidism is not cured by the daily intake of thyroid hormone it is a life-long regimen. 

Despite its wide application in glycoside synthesis, the Koenigs-Knorr reaction suffers from several disadvantages (i) the glycosyl halides are unstable, (ii) excess toxic heavy metals are needed to activate the donor, and (iii) a desiccant (to absorb any liberated water) and an acid acceptor (to absorb the liberated hydrogen halide and can be a promoter itself) are often needed to increase the yield and suppress side reactions. 

In the dormant spore state, endospores are resistant to a wide variety of chemical and physical stresses such as UV and gamma radiation, desiccation, temperature and pressure extremes, and attack by toxic agents (67-70). As they are resilient to most sterilization procedures, bacterial spores are used in several industries as biological indicators (71,72). Certain species can even survive the vacuum, extreme temperatures, and radiation of space (73,74), making them the focus of research concerning planetary protection, panspermia (transfer of life from one... 

SAFETY PROFILE A poison. An unstable material. An oxidizer. When refluxed with an alcohol highly explosive alkyl perchlorates are formed. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Cl . A desiccant. See also PERCHLORATES and BARIUM COMPOUNDS. 

This list does not include those pesticides which are either not normally used as pest control agents (plant growth regnlators, defoliants, and desiccants) or are not directly toxic to the pest (attractants and repellents). 

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