Deoxyribonucleic acid replication process

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) topoisomerases (topos) are ubiquitous enzymes that can manipulate DNA by changing the number of topological links between two strands of the same or different DNA molecules [1]. These enzymes are involved in many cellular processes, such as replication, recom-... 

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication The process by which DNA is dnplicated in the cell. This process takes place during the S-phase of the cell cycle. DNA is duplicated in a semiconservative manner that is, each new DNA donble-strand contains one of the original strands (parent strands) and one of the newly synthesized strands (daughter strands). 

The hereditary material of the cell consists of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA is similar to RNA, but the five carbon sugar, deoxyribose replaces ribose, and in place of uracil, the base thymine is found. DNA occurs as a double-stranded molecule. The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds. DNA polymerase is one of the enzymes responsible for the process of replication whereby the double strands are separated and used as a template for the synthesis of new strands. Replication precedes cell division so that each new cell receives its own complement of double-stranded DNA. 

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) contains all the information required to build the cells and tissues of an organism. The exact replication of this information in any species assures its genetic continuity from generation to generation and is critical to the normal development of an individual. The information stored in DNA is arranged in hereditary units, now known as genes, that control identifiable traits of an organism. In the process of transcription, the information stored in DNA is copied into ribonucleic acid (RNA), which has three distinct roles in protein synthesis. 

A key feature of the above equations is that the reactions in Equation (4.1a) are reversible, but those represented in Equation (4.1b) are irreversible. This represents the very significant means whereby synthesis of the gene, the poly(deoxyribonucleic acid) encoding for protein, is an irreversible process. Another important expense of energy is that only intermittent parts, called exons, of the DNA sequence (the gene) actually encode for protein. For the DNA that encodes elastin, less than 20% is exon, the remainder, called introns, does not encode for the protein. In addition, there is much junk DNA carried along during replication that appears to serve no useful purpose. 

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