Deoxyribonucleic acid reactive oxygen species

Activation of the promutagen/carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene by reactive oxygen species/liver P-450 (S-9) fraction and reaction of benzo[a]pyrene epoxydiol with DNA. GSH = glutathione, DNA = deoxyribonucleic acids, X = a general nucleophile not specifically explicated. 

Arsenic has been shown to induce oxidative stress (Shi, Shi and Liu, 2004 Hughes and Kitchin, 2006). Oxidative stress is a result of an imbalance between reactive oxygen species and the ability of a cell s antioxidant defense apparatus to respond. Oxidative stress can result in the damage of proteins, lipids, RNA, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). In addition, since oxidant species have a role in cell signaling, a state of oxidative stress could potentially alter signaling within and between cells. 

All four carboxylases use bicarbonate as their one-carbon substrate and, in all, the biotin is covalently linked by an amide bond between the carboxyl of biotin and an epsilon amino group of a lysyl residue in the holocarboxylase synthase (= biotin ligase) that catalyzes the formation of the covalent bond. Biotinylation of histones is involved in regulation of gene transcription and may also play a role in packaging of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Biotin has also been found to inhibit the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by neutrophils in vitro. 

Erythroxylum coca levo-dihydrox3q)henylalanine nuclear factor kappa B reactive oxygen species reactive nitrogen species Deoxyribonucleic acid nitric oxide hydroxyl group Mycobacterium tuberculosis... 

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