Deoxyribonucleic acid molecules

It is possible that in the future we may recognize Kossel s idea of the anlage, a basic protein determiner found in all cells, to be the modern-day equivalent of the coat or masking protein which actually determines the particular areas of the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecule which are to function in RNA (ribonucleic acid) formation in a given cell—that is, Kossel s anlage may be the intellectual antecedent of the principle of cellular differentiation as viewed by many today. On the other hand, if such kindness to our predecessors is to be extended to the ideas of Richard Block, who transformed KossePs anlage first to the basic amino acids (7) and then to common peptides, it can easily be said that the concept of the common active site sequence of many enzymes (20) is what Block meant when he inferred that a peptide anlage determined the function of many proteins. 

The American biochemist James Dewey Watson was a discoverer of the donble-helical structure of the deoxyribonucleic acid molecule. 

Fiuure 8-17. Two representations of the double helix of a deoxyribonucleic acid molecule, after Ref. [8-9],... 

A DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecule formed by two polynucleotide chains consists of nucleotide subunits. There are four types of nucleotide subunits of DNA, which are composed of deoxyribose attached to phosphate groups and four bases adenosine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). These nucleotides are covalently bound to each other via the deox30 ibose and phosphates. One end of the polynucleotide chain has 3 hydroxyl and the other end has 5 phosphate. 

The possibility must be considered of a special mutagenic actionof carbon-14 the damage of a deoxyribonucleic acid molecule through the Szilard-Ghalmers effect or the chemical effect of conversion to a nitrogen atom when a carbon-14 atom in tlie molecule undei oes radioactive de-... 

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Molecule that contains the genetic code. 

Resonance Raman Spectroscopy. If the excitation wavelength is chosen to correspond to an absorption maximum of the species being studied, a 10 —10 enhancement of the Raman scatter of the chromophore is observed. This effect is called resonance enhancement or resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy. There are several mechanisms to explain this phenomenon, the most common of which is Franck-Condon enhancement. In this case, a band intensity is enhanced if some component of the vibrational motion is along one of the directions in which the molecule expands in the electronic excited state. The intensity is roughly proportional to the distortion of the molecule along this axis. RR spectroscopy has been an important biochemical tool, and it may have industrial uses in some areas of pigment chemistry. Two biological appHcations include the deterrnination of helix transitions of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (18), and the elucidation of several peptide stmctures (19). A review of topics in this area has been pubHshed (20). 

As is well-known, nucleic acids consist of a polymeric chain of monotonously reiterating molecules of phosphoric acid and a sugar. In ribonucleic acid, the sugar component is represented by n-ribose, in deoxyribonucleic acid by D-2-deoxyribose. To this chain pyrimidine and purine derivatives are bound at the sugar moieties, these derivatives being conventionally, even if inaccurately, termed as pyrimidine and purine bases. The bases in question are uracil (in ribonucleic acids) or thymine (in deoxyribonucleic acids), cytosine, adenine, guanine, in some cases 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcyto-sine. In addition to these, a number of the so-called odd bases occurring in small amounts in some ribonucleic acid fractions have been isolated. 

Within every living cell, there is an organic natural polymer called deoxyribonucleic acid or, more commonly, DNA. The DNA molecule is enormous its molar mass is estimated to be of the order of 2 x 1010 g. The molecule takes the form of a narrow, tightly coiled band, which, if straightened out, would have a length of about 1 m. 

This chapter and the next describe chemical bonding. First, we explore the interactions among electrons and nuclei that account for bond formation. Then we show how atoms are connected together in simple molecules such as water (H2 O). We show how these connections lead to a number of characteristic molecular geometries, hi Chapter fO, we discuss more elaborate aspects of bonding that account for the properties of materials as diverse as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and transistors. 

CMR Calculated molar refractivity of the whole molecule DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid... 

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) topoisomerases (topos) are ubiquitous enzymes that can manipulate DNA by changing the number of topological links between two strands of the same or different DNA molecules [1]. These enzymes are involved in many cellular processes, such as replication, recom-... 

Hydrogen bonding plays a critical role in the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the carrier of the genetic code and the molecule that is essential for all life on Earth. 

Along with stomach, bile, and lactic acids, there are many other acids in the human body These include, but are not limited to, nucleic acids, amino acids, fatty acids, and vitamins such as folic and ascorbic acids. Nucleic acids, including RNA (ribonucleic acid) and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), are long chains of phosphates and sugar to which nucleotide bases are attached. The phosphate molecules in the backbone of RNA and DNA are derived from phosphoric acid. Therefore, DNA is very weakly acidic. 

The nucleic acids, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which carry embedded in their complex molecules the genetic information that characterizes every organism, are found in virtually all living cells. Their molecules are very large and complex biopolymers made up basically of monomeric units known as nucleotides. Thus DNA and RNA are said to be polynucleotides. The nucleotides are made up of three bonded (linked) components a sugar, a nitrogenous base, and one or more phosphate groups ... 

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) A double-stranded molecule held together by weak bonds between base pairs of nucleotides that encodes genetic information. The base sequence of each single strand can be deduced from that of its partner since base pairs form only between the bases A and T and between G and C. 

DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid - the information-bearing molecule in most (but not all) cells. 

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