Degradation of materials

Scott, P. M., Proc. 3rd Symp. on Environmental Degradation of Materials in Nuclear Power Systems - Water Reactors. Edited by G. J. Theus and J. R. Weeks, AIME - The Metallurgical Society Inc., Warrendale, Pa., p 15, (1987)... 

Chul Kim, U. R. and van Rooyen, D., Strain rate and temperature effects on the stress corrosion cracking of Inconel 600 steam generator tubing in the (PWR) primary water conditions , Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Environmental Degradation of Materials in Nuclear Power Systems-VIalet Reactors, Monterey, USA, 9-12 Sept. 1985, American Nuclear Society, pp. 448-55 (1986)... 

Sheeks, C. J., Moshier, W. C., Ballinger, R. G., Latanison, R. M., Pelloux, R. M. N., Fatigue crack growth of Alloys X750 and 600 in simulated PWR and BWR environments , Proc. 1st Int. Conf. on Environmental Degradation of Materials in Nuclear Power Systems-Water Reactors, Myrtle Beach, USA, 22-25 Aug. 1983, NACR pp. 701-25 (1984)... 

Atomic oxygen is a highly reactive species that can pose serious problems for spacecraft in low Earth orbit due to degradation of materials of construction. In the case of siloxane elastomers and coatings88,89, it has been shown that surface oxidation occurs to give a silica layer which then protects the bulk material from further oxidation, with the result that little loss of physical properties occurs. 

The reactivity of unsaturations with ozone has been applied to produce structures which allow subsequent degradation of materials by ozonolysis. In this way, Peters et al. [105] prepared polyurethanes using novel unsaturated diisocyanates which can be degraded by oxidative cleavage of the double bonds. 

Young, L.M., Andresen, P.L., in Proc. 7th Int. Symp. On Environmental Degradation of Materials in Nuclear Power Systems — Water Reactors, NACE, Vol. 2, p. 1193, 1995. 

Shipilov, S.A., Catastrophic Failures Due to Environment-Assisted Cracking of Metals Case Histories, in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Environmental Degradation of Materials and Corrosion Control in Metals, M. Elboujdaini, E. Ghali (eds.), The Conference of Metallurgists, COM, METSOC, pp. 225-242, 1999. 

The miscellaneous materials committees include paint, paper, packaging, rubber textiles, and plastics. The miscellaneous subjects committees include emission spectroscopy, fire standards, appearance of materials, microscopy, and resource recovery. The materials for specific applications committees include electronics, tires, consumer products, and food-service equipment. The corrosion, deterioration, and degradation of materials committees include corrosion of metals, erosion and wear, and durability of nonmetallic materials. 

The guideline offers no clear-cut answer as to why illuminance (Lux) measurement is specified in the ICH guidelines. It may be speculated that this was adopted from a similar application involving degradation of materials, specifically museum artifact conservation. In this particular application, typically, both UVA and Lux are measured, the readings divided, and the resulting ratio is to be kept within stated values for minimal degradation effect. In other terms, W m (UVA) divided by lumens m (Lux) equals W/lumen or the ratio of the UVA content to the photopic, ambient, radiation. 

In LEO (ca. 300 km altitude), the ambient gas density and temperature are typically 10 cm and 1200 K, respectively although solar activity and diurnal phase can strongly perturb these values. With an orbital velocity of 7.5-8 km/s, the flux of neutral particles on ram surfaces is 10 m s . This corresponds to approximately ten collisions per atomic surface site per second. Atmospheric collisions lead to satellite drag and torques which hinder attitude control. Degradation of materials on ram-facing surfaces can compromise a spacecraft s flight duration as well. ... 

Spacecraft flying in LEO are exposed not only to neutral atomic and molecular species, but also high fluxes of vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation and relatively low fluxes of ions, both of which might contribute to the degradation of materials present on spacecraft surfaces. ° It has been reported that fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer (FEP Teflon), which is used as a thermal blanketing material, erodes under the combined exposure of VUV light and atomic oxygen, while the erosion by... 

A. Bertuch, J. Pang, D, D. Macdonald, The Argument for Low Hydrogen and Lithium Operation in PWR Primary Circuits, in the Seventh International Symposium on Environmental Degradation of Materials in Nuclear Power Systems-Water Reactors, Breckenridge, CO, August 6-10, 1995. 

Selection of Tests for Interactions with Blood Tests for Cytotoxicity - In Vitro Methods Tests for Local Effects after Implantation Ethylene Oxide Sterilization Residuals Clinical Investigation of Medical Devices Degradation of Materials Related to Biological Testing... 

Combustion toxicity research is the study of the adverse health effects caused by exposure to fire atmospheres. A fire atmosphere is defined as all of the effluents generated by the thermal decomposition of materials or products regardless of whether that effluent is produced under smoldering, nonflaming, or flaming conditions. The objectives of combustion toxicity research are to identify potentially harmful products from the thermal degradation of materials. 

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