Ordered suspensions defects

Following sonication, leave the SUV suspensions for 2 h at a temperature higher than the Tc of the lipid used in each case, in order to anneal any structural defects of the vesicles. 

Toledo Filho et al. [32] studied the effect of a series of treatments on natural fiber and cement matrix in order to increase durability of cement mortars reinforced with sisal fibers. Based on results from their investigation, it was concluded that incorporation of sisal fibers significantly reduced mechanical properties of composite material. However, the mechanical properties of composite were maintained over time if the sisal fibers were immersed in a suspension of silica fume. This is because the silica fume particles contact the fiber and their size allows them to be located in smaller defects in the fiber, preventing that compounds such as calcium hydroxide, come into contact with the fiber and destroy it by growth of crystals. 

Colloidal crystals can also form when the colloid is physically confined by two solid boundaries [113-116]. This approach has been used to produce centimeter-scale dose-packed crystals without defects with highly controllable thicknesses from polymer nanopartides of varying sizes. This is achieved by filtering the colloidal suspension into a thin slit between two solid glass substrates under constant sonication. Similarly, close-packed, ordered structures can be formed by compression of the dry particles between two solid surfaces [72]. 

On a scale a thousand times smaller, particles in dense colloidal suspensions also form two- or three-dimensional lattices, both of which can contain dislocations. There is a fundamental difference between dislocations in two- and three-dimensional lattices. In the former case, dislocations are point defects, which can be in thermodynamic equilibrium and can lead to phase transformations. Then-appearance into the hexagonal close-packed crystal leads to the loss of translational order and the formation of the hexatic phase. Their subsequent dissociation into dischnations leads to loss of the oriental order and formation of the Uquid phase [6-8]. Colloidal systems are well suited for experimental exploration of two-dimensional dynamic systems [9,10], and the results have played an important role in the development of this field [11,12]. 

The application of a thin, imiform, and continuous layer of seed crystals on the support determines the successful synthesis of a thin, defect-free zeolite film. The simplest and most often used method is to apply seed crystals to the substrate with mechanical rubbing [14]. Slip-coating [15] and dip-coating [16, 17] the substrate in a suspension of zeolite particles, followed by drying and calcination, are also used to seed the support surface, but the process often has to be repeated a few times in order to ensure a sufficiently high coverage of the support with zeolite seed crystals. Electrostatic deposition involves chaise modification of the substrate surface by... 

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