Solids glass

No experiments appear to have been made with such cells, although the equation has been verified with oxygen at different partial pressures in admixture with nitrogen, with platinum electrodes and hot solid glass as electrolyte (Haber and Moser). A similar case is that of two amalgams of a metal, of different concentrations, as electrodes, and a solution of a salt of the metal as electrolyte (G. Meyer, 1891). Here we must take the osmotic pressures of the metals in the amalgams, Pi, P2, and, for an 7i-valent metal ... 

In order to discuss the various techniques we must distinguish between diffusive and non-diffusive systems (J8). Diffusive systems, such as liquids, are characterized by the eventual diffusion of particles over all of the available space non-diffusive systems such as solids, glasses and macromolecules with a definite average structure are characterized by time independent average positions around which the atoms fluctuate. 

Invariably, measurements of decay of reactive molecules in solid glasses are found to be nonexponential, that is, first-order plots of ln[intensity] versus time are upwardly curved, as shown in Figure 10.3. 

In subsequent experiments, it was found that rearrangement of 2 persisted in solid glasses at temperatures as low as 28 K, where the reaction rates became nearly temperature independent, as expected. The fact that similar kinetics were measured in solution and in low temperature solids indicated that matrix effects were minimal, at least in these intramolecular hydrogen abstractions. 

Hot, molten glass is thick and cohesive it can be shaped, and, as it cools down, it hardens while keeping its shape. Solid glass is extremely tough, withstands compression better than steel, is impervious to liquids, and is resistant to chemical attack. All this makes glass useful for making utilitarian artifacts, such as containers for solids and liquids, as well as ornamental and decorative objects (Tite et al. 2002 Tait 1991). 

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