Decoupling improved efficiency

Figure 3.5.15 gives a particularly instructive example [33, 34], It refers to Sn as anode material that even in the form of (commercial) nanopowders does not show a useful cyclability. This is in sharp contrast to the morphology shown in Figure 3.5.15. The morphology leads to optimization by improving not less than seven battery-relevant parameters (1) Sn particles are mechanically decoupled and do not suffer from pulverization upon volume change on cycling. (2) Carbon provides an efficient way of electron transport along the fiber to the tin particle. (3) Li+...

Recent inventions of the powder inhaler device are aimed at improving the inhaler s dispersion efficiency and reducing the resistance of the device as well as decoupling powder dispersion from the patient s inspiratory effort in order to deliver accurate and flexible dosages for different patient s needs. 

Although using a Lennard-Jones soft core has been proven to not be the optimal path, it has been shown to be relatively close to the global optimum in the space of k pathways [61]. Some additional optimization may still be possible Rodinger et al. proposed a pathway based on adding a fourth distance dimension [67] as the particle is taken to infinity in this dimension, it is alchemically decoupled from the environment. This is similar to previous alchemical approaches where the extra dimension is treated as a dynamical variable [68,69], but in this case it is treated solely as an alchemical parameter. By transformation of the interval e [0,oo) to k 6 [0,1], this can easily be shown to be a type of soft core, but with a different functional dependence on the alchemical parameter k than previously proposed methods. The Beutler et al. soft core functional form is not particularly efficient for simultaneous removal of Coulombic and Lennard-Jones potentials the 4D pathway appears to be more efficient, as do other proposed pathways [70], and comparisons between the methods might still lead to improvements in efficiency. 

As was pointed out earlier, blue is often the weakest link in the white OLED structure and needs improvement both in efficiency and stability. A novel architecture has been developed to obtain a stable blue color by using a similar format to the high-stability white devices. To this end, it was found that a stable blue emission could be obtained by using a "white" structure if the blue emission is decoupled from the yellow emission by the introduction of a thin, nonemitting buffer layer between these two layers. This nonemitting buffer layer consists of a HTM (such as NPB) and an ETM (such as EK-BH121). Figure 14.15 shows the stabilized blue device structure. The... 

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