Darwin, Charles theories

Two major factors have altered the basis on which taxonomies are constructed and their uses established. The first was Charles Darwin s theory of evolution. The second was the advent of new techniques for studying the physiology, embryology, and biochemistry of living creatures. 

Darwinism The theory of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin in On the Origin of Species (1859), which postulated that present-day species have evolved from simpler ancestral types by the process of natural se-... 

Wallace, Alfred Russel (1823-1913) British naturalist, who in 1848 went on an expedition to the Amazon, and in 1854 travelled to the Malay Archipelago. There he noticed the differences between the animals of Asia and Australasia and devised Wallace s line, which separates them. This led him to develop a theory of evolution through natural selection, v ch coincided with the views of Charles Darwin their theories were presented Jointly to the Linnaean Society in 1858. 

Darwin, Charles, 1 classification, 54 embryology, 263 evolutionary classification, 49 idea of evolution, 9 subjective view of species, 9 theories, 50-51, 52, 63 theory of descent, 70 theory of evolution, 80,149, 182 Data matrix... 

Variability of organisms caused by the imperfection of reproduction represents the other leg upon which Darwin s theory stands. Variations are introduced already at the level of viral RNA replication. Point mutations are one major source of variability. They are caused by mismatching of bases during replication. Systematic studies concerning the nature and the frequencies of point mutations were performed on the bacteriophage QB by Charles Weissmann and his coworkers (Batschelet et al., 1976 Domingo et al., 1976 and 1978). We shall consider the consequences of point mutations on replicating ensembles of polynucleotides later on. 

At around this time, there was much scientific debate about the theory of the origin of species proposed by Charles Darwin (1809-1882), a theory which was to change the world. Darwin himself was very cautious about making statements on biogenesis. It was still too early to answer such questions, because neither results from the science of cell biology nor an extensive knowledge of our planet, the solar system and the cosmos were available. 

Evolution by natural selection was first explained by Charles Darwin in his book On ttie Origin of Species (1859). Briefly stated, the theory suggests that evolution occurs through heritable propagation of adaptive traits. Nature produces a large variation in the traits of organisms. Those traits that are in some way adaptive, increasing the survival and... 

Charles Darwin published the theory of evolution through natural selection... 

Figure 8.1 The four main categories for ethical theories dealing with questions regarding human-animal and human-nature relationships anthropocentric, sentientistic, biocentric and ecocentric (Leopold 1949, Singer 1981). The idea of an evolution of ethics, however, has been discussed by several philosophers before Leopold and Singer such as Albert Schweizer, Thomas Huxley and Peter Kropotkin as well as by Charles Darwin).

Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) begins his historic voyage on the H.M.S. Beagle (1831-1836). His observations during the voyage lead to his theory of evolution by means of natural selection. 

There was scientific evidence that could be used against women s advancement, especially the theory of evolution. For example, the sociologist Herbert Spencer had concluded that the difference between the sexes could best be understood in terms of a somewhat earlier-arrest of individual evolution in women than men. 79 In fact, many scientists of the time had discovered proof in their research of women s intellectual inadequacies 80 and, of particular importance, Charles Darwin himself had found scientific evidence of female inferiority It is generally admitted that with women the powers of intuition, of rapid perception, and perhaps of imitation, are more strongly marked than in man but some, at least, of these faculties are characteristic of the lower races, and therefore of a past and lower state of civilization. 81... 

Darwin occasionally uses the term transmutation for change in species, as in his notebook B, where he employs transmutation of Species for the title and refers to transmutation in the text. See Charles Darwin s Notebooks 1836-1844, ed. Paul H. Barrett et al. (Ithaca Cornell University Press, 1987), 7,227. For a vivid description of the composition of this important notebook, where Darwin develops his own theory of species transmutability, see Adrian Desmond and James Moore, Darwin (London Penguin, 1992), 229-239. For Darwin s analogy between artificial and natural selection, see Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species, ed Ernst Mayr (Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press, 1964), 7-43. 

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