Damage degree

In the formula, is effective stress in the coal, under the conditions that coal quality, damage degree of coal, gas pressure and stress of surrounding rock, formula (1), (2), (3) are substituted in formula (4), then relational expression of gas pressure gradient and in-situ stress can be get ... 

Here the probability function f(V) is formulated as afW + b. a and b are empirical coefficients and C is the integration constant. As shown in Fig. 10.18, high activity under low stress is represented as the case that the coefficient a is positive, while die activity is low in the case a<0. From previous research, the coefficient a is known to be sensitive to the damage degree, and is named the rate. 

Several methods have been proposed to study and to quantify the degree of membrane permeabilization and tissue modification. The damage degree is... 

The corrosion performance of an anodized magnesium alloy depends on the corrosion performance of the substrate alloy. For example, the corroded areas of the anodized commercial alloys are measured and plotted versus the corrosion rates of these alloys in Fig. 16.12. There is a good correlationship in corrosion damage degree between the anodized specimens and the corresponding im-anodized alloy. 

Kawazoe, T. Watanabe, T. Fujii, T. UV ray hair damage degree-measuring method using keratin film. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2008180709, 2008. 

Cotton microflora remains active under conditions of the spinning indnstiy. As a result, the initial damage degree of cotton significantly increases. 

Deteriora.tlon. Apart from physical damage that can result from carelessness, abuse, and vandaUsm, the main problem with metal objects Hes in thek vulnerabihty to corrosion (see Corrosion and corrosion control) (127,128). The degree of corrosion depends on the nature and age of the object. Corrosion can range from a light tarnish, which may be aesthetically disfiguring on a poHshed silver or brass artifact, to total mineralization, a condition not uncommon for archaeological material. 

Dow Fire and Explosion Index. The Dow Eire and Explosion Index (3) is a procedure usehil for determining the relative degree of hazard related to flammable and explosive materials. This Index form works essentially the same way as an income tax form. Penalties are provided for inventory, extended temperatures and pressures, reactivity, etc, and credits are appHed for fire protection systems, process control (qv), and material isolation. The complete procedure is capable of estimating a doUar amount for the maximum probable property damage and the business intermptionloss based on an empirical correlation provided with the Index. 

Radiation Effects. Alpha sihcon carbide exhibits a small degree of anisotropy in radiation-induced expansions along the optical axis and perpendicular to it (58). When diodes of sihcon carbide were compared with sihcon diodes in exposure to kradiation with fast neutrons (59), an increase in forward resistance was noted only at a flux about 10 times that at which the increase occurs in a sihcon diode. In general, it appears that sihcon carbide, having the more tightly bound lattice, is less damaged by radiation than sihcon. 

Materials. NLO materials possess a high degree of optical nonlinearity, physical durabiHty and chemical inertness, and high threshold to optical damage. In addition, it must be possible to process the materials into the form required by the intended appHcation. 

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