Degree of damage

Fig. 3-27 The function F(x,t) from Eq. (3-5lb) for evaluating the degree of damage in the pipe coating (spherical field).

Acquisition of practical knowledge in the field of explosion-indueed structural damage is still heavily dependent upon empirical data. Such data, however, usually give information only about those overpressure levels which relate to certain degrees of damage. Other parameters, such as duration, impulse, and shape of the blast wave are not taken into aecount. Tables containing such information are frequently published. The best known are contained in Glasstone (1966, 1977), a frequently cited reference. 

High temperature hydrogen attack damage may occur in welds, weld HAZs, or base metal. Even within these specific areas, the degree of damage may vary widely. Consequently,... 

Fresh cut fruits are cut in a wide variety of shapes, and the cutting shapes could influence the degree of damage caused by the wound (Rivera-Lopez and others 2005). Minimal processing includes the unit operation of size reduction, and a given shape has to be given to the product depending on its final use. In the next section the effect of this unit operation on phytochemical constituents and bioactivity is discussed. 

Ion energy and flux represent another important aspect in achieving and controlling selectivity. Because ion bombardment generally imparts different degrees of damage to different materials, etch selectivity can often be varied and even reversed from that obtained via chemical means. In... 

The sequence is, in fact, a cascade, so that a small degree of damage to DNA produces a large amount of p21 protein to inhibit the cycle effectively. It also provides additional steps within a cascade for opportunities where extra control can be exerted (e.g. additional transcription factors or other proteins). 

F (575°C). Steel exposed to 1,500°F (816°C) for a short period can begin to fail and show the same degree of damage as steel exposed to a lower temperature for a longer period of time. 

Not all evidence is simple to diagnose. Steel weakens at approximately 1100°F (575°C).(i3) Steel exposed to 1500°F (816°C) for a short period can begin to fail and show the same degree of damage as steel exposed to a lower temperature for a longer period of time. Thus, a sag pattern can be a relatively reliable indicator that the steel was exposed to a temperature oi at least 1100°F (575°C), but, the maximum temperature above 1100°F (575°C) cannot be accurately determined without additional evidence. 

Radiation protectors can increase the dose needed to produce a certain degree of damage in a biological system. The same additives also protect polymers—e.g., by reducing crosslinking—and this to an extent which can be readily determined. 

---