Cytophagas

Domain Archaea Verrucomicrobia, Cytophaga-Flavobacterium, Deinococci... 

An examination of stored industrial water supplies showed that 98% of the contaminants were Gram-ne live bacteria other organisms isolated were MrcrococcMv spp., Cytophaga spp., yeast, yeast-like fungi and actinomycetes. 

The degradation of cellulose by bacterial systems occurs both aerobically and anaerobically. The aerobic bacteria include Acidothennus cellulofyticus, CeUulomonas sp.. Bacillus sp.. Pseudomonas sp., CelMbrio sp., Cytophaga sp., Microbispora sp., and Thermomonospora sp. The anaerobic bacteria arc Acetivibrio cellulofyticus, Bacteroides sp., Clostridium sp., Ruminococcus sp., and Micromonospora sp. This review will cover some mesophilic and thermophilic cellulolytic bacteria, some of which have been reviewed by Ljungdahl and Eriksson (i), Coughlan and Ljungdahl (2), and Robson and Chambliss (5). 

Cellulolytic bacteria can be found which produce only cell-bound cellulase such as Cytophaga (12), only cell-free cellulase, such as CelMbrio vulgaris (21), Bacillus sp. (22), Clostridium sp. (23), Acetivibrio cellulofyticus (24), and Thermoactinomyces (25,26), and both cell-bound and cell-free cellulase such as Pseudomonas (27), Bacteroides succinogenes (28), and CelMbrio futvus (29). However, the location of cellulase in bacteria is also dependent upon the environments in which the bacteria are grown and the age of the culture (29,27). 

Many microorganisms produce enzymes that lyse the cell wall of yeast. The most extensive work has been done with the lytic system from Arthrobacter sp., Cytophaga sp., Oerskovia, Bacillus circulans, Rhizopus, Tri-choderma, Penicillium, Pellicularia sp., Rhizoctonia, and Streptomyces sp. (3-9). 

Within the operationally defined marine bacteria , i.e., bacteria isolated from marine samples on marine media, bioactive compounds have been reported from Pseudoalteromonas, Cytophaga, Alteromonas, Micrococcus, Bacillus, Acinetobacter, Agrobacterium and Pseudomonas or from unidentified bacteria (Fig. 2). 

Fig. 5. Genetic diversity of marine picoplankton bacteria from the a-subclass of the Proteobacteria. Determination by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting of colonies from marine Cytophaga medium (lanes 2-32) and from Hg medium (lanes 33-35). Identical strains are present in lanes 33 and 34 and in lanes 11 and 12, while all other lanes represent different isolates...

The focus of Cottrell and Kirchman (2000b) and Ouverney and Fuhrman (1999) on the division level (e.g., Cytophaga-Flavobacter cluster) and subdivisions of proteobacteria is due in part to the availability of FISH probes. With some exceptions (Eilers et al., 2000), probes are not available for finer phylogenetic levels of aquatic bacteria (e.g., clades within the... 

Cottrell, M. T., and D. L. Kirchman. 2000. Natural assemblages of marine proteobacteria and members of the Cytophaga-Flavobacter cluster consuming low- and high-molecular-weight dissolved organic matter. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66 1692-1697. 

FIGURE 2 Rooted universal phylogenetic tree highlighting major components of the microbial loop. CFB indicates the Cytophaga-Flavobacter-Bacteriodes lineage. (Adapted from Woese, 1994). 

Proteobacteria and Cytophaga-Flavobacter isolates accounted for majority of nucleoid containing cells (<89%)... 

FISH No 1-26 h >80% of cells actively taking up substrate could be identified Proteobacteria and Cytophaga-Flavobacter dominate the uptake of the four DOM components... 

Other commonly represented divisions in freshwater systems include members of the a-Proteobacteria, Actinomycetales, Verrucomicrobiales, Rhizobium-Agrobacterium, and Cytophaga-Flavobacteria (Bahr et al., 1996 Hiorns et al., 1997 Methe etal., 1998 Pernthaler et al., 1998 Zwart et al., 1998a, b). 

FIGURE 3 Distribution of bacterial groups implicated in the use of a variety of DOM components and size classes, a, (5, y, and 8 refer to subclasses of the Proteobacteria CFB indicates the Cytophaga-Flavobacter-Bacteriodes lineage NAG, N-acetylglucosamine. 

Manz, W., R. Amann, W. Ludwig, M. Vancanney, and K.-H. Schleifer. 1996. Application of a suite of 16S rRNA-specific oligonucleotide probes designed to investigate bacteria of the phylum Cytophaga-Flavobacter-Bacteroides in the natural environment. Microbiology 142 1097-1106. 

A starch-debranching isoamylase, obtained from sugary 1 (sul) maize, has been cloned by James et al.70 and found to have 32% sequence identity with Pseudomonas isoamylase. Other isoamylases or starch debranching enzymes have been isolated from Cytophaga sp.,71 Streptomyces sp.,72 Flavobacterium sp.,73 a yeast, Lipomyces kononenkoae,74 potato tubers,75 B. circulans76 and an alkaline isoamylase with a pH optimum of 9 from an alkalophilic Bacillus sp.77... 

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