Cycloaddition imine-ketenimine

Ab initio calculations indicate that in the gas phase the reaction of ketene inline and formaldehyde is concerted but asynchronous whereas in dichloromethane it is a two-step zwitterionic reaction.38 The 2 + 2-cycloadditions of keteniminium triflates with imines yields 2-azetidiniminium salts with cis stereoselectivity.39 The intramolecular 2 + 2-cycloaddition of ketenimines with imines (24) provides a novel synthesis of azeto[2,l-Z>]quinazolines (25) (Scheme 9).40... 

An intramolecular 2 + 2-imine-ketenimine cycloaddition has been reported (Scheme 2).4... 

Acyl isothiocyanates have been shown to participate in [4 + 2] cycloadditions with enamines,98 imines," ketenimines,100 and hydrazones.101 Similar reports have detailed the [4 + 2] cycloadditions of thioacyl isothiocyanates with the carbon-carbon double bond of ketenes, ketenimines, and enamines as well as the carbon-nitrogen double bond of imines, carbodii-mides, and isocyanates.102... 

The synthesis of imino-penam and -cephem derivatives has also been investigated using the [2 + 2] cycloaddition of ketenimines to Schiff bases as the key-step [24]. N-(aryl) and N-(alkyl)ketenimines are not electrophilic enough to react with Schiff bases. On the other hand, iV-(tosyl)ketenimines 25 were susceptible to nucleophilic attack by imines (Scheme 9). They were readily generated in situ from the corresponding sulphimides 23. The a-bromo-iminium bromide intermediates 24 reacted with Schiff bases and triethylamine to give JV-(tosyl)azetidin-2-imines 26. 

AMI studies of the 2 - - 2-cycloaddition of ketenimines with imines show that the reaction involves a stepwise mechanism via an intermediate and two transition states. A computational investigation of the thermal 2 - - 2-cycloaddition between imines and ketiminium cations finds that the reaction takes place via a stepwise mechanism.The reaction of benzyne with Schiff bases, diimines, yields l,4-bis(2-substituted acridin-10-yl)benzene via an initial double 2 - - 2-cycloaddition. 

The cycloaddition of nitrones with ketenes produced 5-isoxazolidinones as well as oxazolones, as shown in Scheme 162 (78H(9)457, 79JOC2961). In a similar fashion, nitrones also react with ketenimines to generate the 5-isoxazolidinone imines (75JHC175, 68JHC881). 

N-Alkyl- and N-aryl-ketenimines are poor electrophilic partners and do not react with benzylidene-aniline or dicyclohexylcarbodiimide." The introduction of an electron-withdrawing substituent (tosyl or cyano ) on the nitrogen atom enhances the electrophilic character of the cumulene and cycloadditions to imines occur under very mild conditions (Scheme 42). In most cases, the reactions are trans stereoselective. 

Alajarin, M., Vidal, A., Tovar, F., Arrieta, A., Lecea, B., Cossio, F. P. Surpassing torquoelectronic effects in conrotatory ring closures origins of stereocontrol in intramolecular ketenimine - imine [2+2] cycloadditions. Chem.— Eur. J. 1999, 5,1106-1117. 

Acyl sulfenes, like all sulfenes, prefer to participate as 2it components of [2 + 2] or [4 + 2] cycloadditions (Chapter 5). Nonetheless, a range of [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions of acyl sulfenes have been described46,47 (Scheme 8-XII), including their 4n- participation in dimerization reactions46-48 and reactions with imines,49 carbodiimides,50 ketenimines,51 1-azirines,52 vinyl ethers,53 and ketenes.47 The reactions often provide mixtures of [4 + 2] and [2 + 2] cycloadducts, and the observed course of the reaction usually depends on the reaction conditions. Consequently, many of the observed [4 + 2] cycloadditions of acyl sulfenes proceed by a stepwise, polar addition-cyclization reaction. 

Because of their predictable behavior and reactivity, thioacyl isocyanates comprise the bulk of this work, and extensive studies of their [4 -I- 2] reactions with olefins, enamines, enol ethers, thioacyl isocyanates, imines, carbodiimides, isocyanates, azirines, /3-enaminoke-tones, dianils, azines, hydrazones, imidazoline-4,5-diones, aryl cyanates, disubstituted cyanamides, aldehydes, ketones, ketenes, alkyl or aryl iminodithiocarbonates, and the carbon-carbon double bond of ketenimines have been detailed. In an extensive comparative study of the [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions of thioacyl isocyanates, the heterocu-mulenes bearing strong electron-withdrawing substituents were found to be more stable and less prone to participate in cycloaddition reactions. Representative examples are summarized in Scheme 9-IV. 

A miscellany of papers dealing with the potency of the thioureido neighbouring group in nucleophilic substitution processes, the complexing ability of thioureas towards macrocyclic polyethers, and the cycloaddition reactions of thiocarbamoyl isothiocyanates (190) with ketens, ketenimines, imines, isocyanates, carbodi-imides, and isonitriles also deserve attention. 

The substituent R determines the reactivity of the isocyanate. Aromatic isocyanates react faster than aliphatic isocyanates, and carbonyl and sulfonyl isocyanates are considerably more reactive than the former. Isocyanate groups attached to oxygen or nitrogen are not stable in their monomeric forms. In cycloaddition reactions, isocyanates react preferentially across their C=N bonds, but additions across the C=0 bonds are also encountered. In this respect, isocyanates resemble ketenes (see Chapter 4, Section 4.1.). Suitable substrates for cycloaddition reactions are carbon multiple bonds (acetylenes, olefins, ketenes, etc.), C=N bond-containing compounds (imines, amidines, ketenimines, azines, carbodiimldes, etc.), C=0 bonds and C=S bond-containing substrates and phosphorus multiple-bond-containing substrates. Cycloaddition reactions of isocyanates across multiple metal bonds are also known. 

When C=N groups are part of a heterocumulene system, as in ketenimines and carbodi-imides, they readily undergo [2+2] cycloaddition reactions with isocyanates. For example, C,C-diphenyl-A -p-tolylketenimine 138 reacts with phenyl isocyanate to give the four-membered ring cycloadduct 139 in 83 % yield. The cycloaddition proceeds exclusively across the C=C bond of the ketene imine. ... 

The intramolecular [2+2] cycloaddition of the imine-tethered ketenimine 53 affords the tricyclic cycloadducts 54 in a highly stereocontrolled manner" . 

The imine-tethered ketenimine 166 undergoes intramolecular [4+2] cycloaddition on heating in toluene to form the heterocycle 167 °. ... 

A novel and efficient approach to 4-sulfonamidoquinolines catalyzed by Cul via a cascade reaction of sulfonyl azides with alkynyl imines has been developed by Cheng and Cui (Scheme 8.87). The reaction process includes 1,3-dipole cycloaddition/ketenimine formation/6 r-electrocyclization/[l,3]-H shift. Various 4-sulfonamidoquinolines were afforded in moderate to good yields under this mild copper catalytic system [157]. 

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