Cyclization reactions synthons

This kind of reaction refers to cyclization of synthons containing all five atoms of the isoxazole ring. In some cases, these acyclic species are stable and isolable, but often they are only transient or supposed intermediates coming from C-C-C and N-O fragments. 

The 3-keto esters formed in the Claisen and Dieckmann condensations can act as synthons for a variety of groups. If the a-carbon bears a proton then this is acidic and can be replaced by another electrophile. Alkylation and acylation are important synthetic reactions and can be carried out sequentially or, since the cyclizing reactions are basic, consecutively in one pot. Examples are illustrated in Scheme 31. 

Haloalkenes, CH2=CH-(CH2)nX (n = 3-7 X = Cl, Br), are interesting synthons for use in the preparation of long chain alkenols and alkenoic acids 2 in cyclization reactions,3 9 as intermediates in the synthesis of pheromones 10 11 in the preparation of silica gel having a functional surface 12 and for the synthesis of oo-iodochloroalkanes,13 and organogermanium dendrimers.14 They are usually prepared from the corresponding alkenols. 

Electron-rich alkynes, including ethoxy(trimethylsilyl)-acetylene, reacted with chromium alkenylcarbene conplexes at — 10°C in acetonitrile in the presence of a stoichiometric amount of Ni(cod)2 with warming to 20 °C over 2 h to afford moderate yields (40-49%) of cyclopentenones (eq 10). This completely stereoselective nickel(0)-mediated [3 + 2] cyclization reaction of chromium alkenyl(methoxy)carbene complexes with both electron-withdrawing and electron-donating substituted alkynes provides a general synthesis of substituted 2-cyclo-pentenone derivatives, important synthons for the construction of more complex molecules. ... 

The Shibasaki group also demonstrated the potential of their Ca-symmetric diammonium salt catalyst 135 for the syntheses of the alkaloids (+)-cylindricine C (138) and (—)-lepadiformine (139) [22c,68,69], By applying a PT-catalyzed addition of Schiff base 140 to Michael acceptor 141, the key intermediate 142 was obtained in good yield and with good enantiomeric excess. Compound 142 could then be used to obtain selectively either the cylindricine C precursor 143 or the lepadiformine synthon 144 in a very efficient tandem cyclization reaction by choosing the optimum reagents. The impressively short total synthesis of (+)-cylindricine C (138) could be achieved in only two additional steps, whereas the synthesis of the tricyclic intermediate 144 represents a formal total synthesis of (—)-lepadiformine (139) (Scheme 28). 

Most reactions leading to isoxazoles must involve at some stage cyclization of an intermediate which contains all five atoms of the isoxazole ring. In some cases the acyclic intermediates are short-lived and unisolable, in others they are stable and able to be isolated. In this section we discuss reactions which involve an isolable acyclic precursor. These reactions mostly utilize (CCCNO) synthons although a few examples of (OCCCN), (CCCON) and (CONCC) synthons are encountered. We are unaware of examples involving (CNOCC) synthons. 

This series is punctuated by several unusual synthons, one the reaction of tropone (567) with aniline to give (568). The cyclization of (569) with sodium hydroxide gave (570) (67AHC(8)277, 69M602). The reaction of in situ generated benzyne with the nitrone (571) produced (572) (67AHC(8)277). 

Fluorme-containing Michael addition acceptors have been used as synthons, a portion of a molecule recognizably related to a simpler molecule, for the introduction of fluorine into the organic molecules Their reactions with enamines and ketones lead to a condensarion-cyclization process... 

Recently, Burger devised an improved method of carrying out mild, regiospecific cyclizations that involve an intermediate that acts as a synthon for a nitrile ylide of HCN [47 (equation 48). With this methodology, cycloadditions with activated alkenes, alkynes, and azo compounds were earned out [47] (equation 49). All such reported reactions were regiospecific and had the same orientational preference... 

Most of the other reported reactions involve the addition of synthons, with or without cyclization, as illustrated in the following examples. 

Ph2P(NH2)NP(NH2)Ph2]+Cl, 19, which is prepared by the reaction of Ph2PCl3 and ammonia (136). This synthon has a preformed N-P-N-P-N unit and can be readily cyclized to a six or higher membered ring upon reaction with an appropriate reagent (137). An important application of the use of the Bezman s salt approach has been the synthesis of metallocyclophosphazenes of the type 20, which contain an early transition metal in the framework of the cyclophosphazene skeleton [Fig. 15(A)] (138). A modification of the Bezman s salt to design a chiral synthon allowed the synthesis of an optically pure cyclophosphazene (139). 

Asymmetric synthesis of tricyclic nitro ergoline synthon (up to 70% ee) is accomplished by intramolecular cyclization of nitro compound Pd(0)-catalyzed complexes with classical C2 symmetry diphosphanes.94 Palladium complexes of 4,5-dihydrooxazoles are better chiral ligands to promote asymmetric allylic alkylation than classical catalysts. For example, allylic substitution with nitromethane gives enantioselectivity exceeding 99% ee (Eq. 5.62).95 Phosphi-noxazolines can induce very high enatioselectivity in other transition metal-catalyzed reactions.96 Diastereo- and enantioselective allylation of substituted nitroalkanes has also been reported.9513... 

The product possesses a homoallylic stannane moiety, which can be utilized as a useful synthon for cyclopropane formation (Scheme 68). Upon treatment of the homoallylstannane with HI, destannative cyclization takes place to give cyclopropylmethylsilane.271,272 A Lewis acid-catalyzed reaction with benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal affords vinylcyclopropane.273... 

Nucleophilic Reactions.—Attack on Saturated Carbon. Selected examples of the Arbusov reaction include phosphorylation of the chloroacetophenones (1) to give phosphonates, which cyclized to (2) in the presence of acid chlorides,1 formation of the azodiphosphonate (3) from 2,2 -dichloro-2,2 -azopropane,2 3 and the reaction of 2-chloro-3,4-dihydro-3-oxo-2//-l,4-benzothiazine (4) with triethyl phosphite to give the 2-phosphonate (5), which is used as an olefin synthon.8 Bis(trimethylsilyl) trimethylsiloxymethylphosphonite (6) has been synthesized by silylation of hydroxy-methylphosphonous acid, and, as expected, undergoes a normal Arbusov reaction with alkyl halides to give the phosphonates (7).4 This series of reactions, followed by... 

The synthesis of dithienylethenes bound to heteroanalogs of cyclopentene, in particular to the 2,5-dihydrothiophene ring, also deserves notice. Diketone 135 was prepared by the replacement of the bromine atoms in two molecules of 134 by the sulfide anion followed by the McMurry cyclization to form thiacyclopentene derivative 136 (03OL1435). Diiodide 137 is also successfully used as the synthon for the subsequent functionalization this compound is involved in the Suzuki reaction to... 

Hu et al. (91MI1) report the Dimroth rearrangement of 2-hydrazino- to 2,3-diamino quinazolin-4-ones under catalysis of carboxylic acid derivatives this reaction is followed by an in situ cyclization in which the same carboxylic acid derivatives serve as C,-synthons. l-Acylamino-2-alkylthiopyrimidines are hydrazinolyzed and cyclized to 3-amino-1,2,4-triazolofl, 5-a]pyrimidinium salts (89EGP270711). 

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