Cyclic adenosine monophosphate c-AMP

Reagents. Cyclic nucleotides (3, 5 -cyclic adenosine monophosphate (c-AMP), 3, 5 -cyclic guanosine monophosphate (c-GMP), and 3, 5 -cyclic inosine monophosphate (c-IMP)) sodium tetraborate hydrochloric acid and potassium hydroxide were purchased from Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, Missouri). Millex disposable filter units (0.22 pm) were obtained from Millipore Corporation (Bedford, Massachusetts). Triply distilled and deionized water was used for the preparation of buffer solutions. Both buffers and samples were routinely degassed with helium after filtration (using microfilter units). 

Draw the structure of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (c.AMP), a messenger involved in the regulation of glucose production in the body. Cyclic AMP has a phosphate ring connecting the 3 and 5 hydro.xyl groups on adenosine. 

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (c-AMP) is a secondary messenger within cells. The c-AMP phosphodiesterase inhibition test is a useful means for screening biologically active compounds [65], Correlations of structure with inhibitory activity for lignans and their glucosides are shown in Tables 17.2-1 through 17.2-5. For... 

Adenylyl cyclase generates cyclic adenosine monophosphate (c-AMP)... 

Fig. 4.11. Conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (c-AMP) catalyzed by adenylyl cyclase.

Cyclic 3, 5 -adenosine monophosphate (c-AMP) is known to be of key significance as a regulator of cellular metabolism. In mammals it functions as a second messenger for a number of hormones. Abnormalities in c-AMP formation, or in its action, seem to be involved in the pathology of various hormonal and nonendocrine diseases. 

It is a well-recognized CNS-drug which action is solely attributed on account of its inhibition of the enzyme phosphodiesterase in the brain and the ultimate accumulation and actions of cyclic 3, 5 -adenosine monophosphate (C-AMP). 

Isolated keratinocytes subjected to cyclic strain exhibit a significant increase in cell proliferation, DNA synthesis, and protein synthesis compared to stationary or constantly loaded cells, which appear to involve changes in cyclic AMP. Takei et al. (1997) reported a strain-induced reduction in the levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate, protein kinase A (PKA), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) as compared to stationary controls. Takei et al. (1997) also studied the effects of cyclic strain on protein kinase C (PKC) activation and translocation in cultured keratinocytes. 

A few observations establish the influence of bacterial components on animals, mainly protozoans. The ingestion of bacteria by protozoans may be controlled by secretions or constituent compounds of their preys. Unicellular organisms may even be able to choose the bacteria they feed on, avoiding such species as Chromobacterium or Serratia, which contain toxic or repulsive products (see Paoletti, 1964). Cyclic AMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate), a well-known intra-cellular mediator, may play a role outside the cell, monitoring certain chemical communication systems. Chassy et al. (1969) observed that the slime mould Dictyostelum discoideum was attracted, in oligotrophic conditions, by C—AMP released by the bacteria on which it feeds. 

Wood (1 979) tried to substantiate the findings of Lino and Ishikawa with Agaricus brunnescens and failed. He could not induce primordia to form using c AMP. However, this fact does not bear any significance on the importance of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in phototropic species since A. brunnescens is a mushroom needing no light whatsoever for primordia formation and development. 

Am. The hormones epinephrine and glucagon cannot penetrate cell membranes. They affect metabolic processes by binding to specific receptors on the membrane, which receptors in turn activate a specific enzyme bound to the inner membrane surface, adenylate cyclase. This enzyme converts ATP to cyclic AMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate), or c-AMP. The presence of c-AMP activates another enzyme, protein kinase, which phosphorylates and activates phosphorylase kinase. Phosphorylase kinase phosphorylates phosphorylase b (inactive) to form phosphorylase a (active) which in turn cleaves glucose from glycogen by phosphorolysis to yield glucose-I-PO4. 

Francko, D.A. and Wetzel, R.G. (1982) The isolation of cyclic adenosine 3 5 monophosphate (c-AMP) from lakes of different trophic status correlation with planktonic variables. Limnology and Oceanography 27, 27-38. 

Janistyn B (1981) Gas chromatographic, mass- and infrared-spectrometric identification of cyclic adenosine-3 5-monophosphate (c-AMP) in maize seedlings Zea mays). Z Naturforsch 36C 193-196... 

Other Binding Sites of Interest (1) Nucleotide Binding Sites - The preparation of three photosensitive diazomalonyl derivggi gs of adenosine 3 5 -cyclic monophosphate (c-AMP) has been described. In the dark,... 

Fig. 7. Adrenergic receptor subtypes and their coupled G proteins and effectors. AC, adenylyl cyclase c-AMP, cyclic adenosine-3, 5 -monophosphate DAG, diacylgly-cerol PKA, c-AMP-dependent protein kinase A PKC, protein kinase C PLC-p, phospholipase CP +, activation -, inhibition t, increase i, decrease.

Figure 32.2 Inhibitory effects of XI on human thyroid signaling intracellular cascades. R, receptor ATP, adenosine triphosphate nucleotide PuR, purinergic receptor Gs, stimulatory G protein of adenylyl cyclase Gi, inhibitory G protein of adenylyl cyclase Gq, stimulatory G protein of phospholipase C AC, adenylyl cyclase PLC, phospholipase C IPS, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate DAG, diacylglycerol PKC, protein kinase C DUOX, dual oxidase PGE, prostaglandin E1 TSHR, TSH receptor cAMP, cyclic 3 -5 adenosine monophosphate PDE, cAMP phosphodiesterase 5 AMP, adenosine monophosphonucleotide cA PK, cAMP-dependent protein kinase FK, forskolin ------> Stimulation inhibition — generation.

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