Cyanine dyes, definition

The insolubilities of phthalocyanines made their analysis difficult and it took some time before a satisfactory structure was elucidated. Initial work was undertaken by the Linstead group at Imperial College in the 1930s that culminated in a series of six back to back papers published in 1934 [14], It was also Linstead who named the compounds in recognition of their synthesis from phthalic anhydride and similarity to the blue cyanine dyes. Definitive characterization of the nickel, platinum and copper phthalocyanine complexes, together with the metal-free compound, was revealed in 1935 following the publication of their X-ray structures by Robertson [15] the copper and metal-free compounds are illustrated in Fig. 7.5. 

In 1945, Hamer returned to academic research and became a Honorary Lecturer at IC while still being a Research Chemist and Consultant at Kodak, finally retiring in 1959. Upon retirement, she undertook the full-time work of writing the definitive monograph on the cyanine dyes, The Cyanine Dyes and Related Compounds.68... 

In contrast to cyanine dyes and Ru complexes, fairly concentrated chlorophyl monolayers could be deposited on Sn02- In the latter case, the quantum yield of the photocurrent was determined as a function of the molar ration of chlorophyl and stearic acid (concerning the definition of quantum yield see Section 10.2.5). An optimum was obtained for a 1 1 ratio, whereas the quantum yield dropped by a factor of nearly 3 for a pure chlorophyl layer [35]. This effect was interpreted as concentration quenching which cannot be further discussed here. The same authors have also investigated chlorophyl multilayers, all of which were deposited using the Langmuir-... 

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