Cyaniding definition

Addition Products.—An important property of aldehydes is that they readily take up certain compounds and form addition products. When acetaldehyde reacts with ammonia, sodium acid sulphite or hydrogen cyanide definite crystalline compounds are obtained. The probable reaction is that the double union between carbon and oxygen is broken the oxygen being converted into hydroxyl, while the remainder of the added compound satisfies the other valence as follows ... 

Analytical procedures sensitive to 2 ppm for styrene and 0.05 ppm or less for other items were used for examining the extracts. Even under these exaggerated exposure conditions no detectable levels of the monomers, of the polymer, or of other potential residuals were observed. The materials are truly non-food-additive by the FDA definitions. Hydrogen cyanide was included in the list of substances for analysis since it can be present at low levels in commercial acrylonitrile monomer, and it has been reported as a thermal decomposition product of acrylonitrile polymers. As shown here, it is not detectable in extracts by tests sensitive to... 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Case Definition Cyanide." March 9,2005. 

Ballantyne, B. 1983. Artifacts in the definition of toxicity by cyanides and cyanogens. Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 3 400-408. 

The rate constants for the reaction of a pyridinium Ion with cyanide have been measured in both a cationic and nonlonic oil in water microemulsion as a function of water content. There is no effect of added salt on the reaction rate in the cationic system, but a substantial effect of ionic strength on the rate as observed in the nonionic system. Estimates of the ionic strength in the "Stern layer" of the cationic microemulsion have been employed to correct the rate constants in the nonlonic system and calculate effective surface potentials. The ion-exchange (IE) model, which assumes that reaction occurs in the Stern layer and that the nucleophile concentration is determined by an ion-exchange equilibrium with the surfactant counterion, has been applied to the data. The results, although not definitive because of the ionic strength dependence, indicate that the IE model may not provide the best description of this reaction system. 

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