Cyanide distribution

Yamamoto, K., Y. Yamamoto, and C. Kuwahara. 1979. A blood cyanide distribution study in the rabbits intoxicated by oral route and by inhalation. Zeit. Rechtsmedizin 83 313-317. 

After absorption, cyanide distributes to a volume of approximately 40% total body weight. The distribution is rapid and is completed within 5 min after a single intravenous dose (Sylvester et al, 1983). Cyanide is rapidly transported in the body by blood and about 60% is bound to plasma proteins, a small amount is present in the red blood cells (RBC), and the remainder present as free cyanide (Ryan, 1998). The concentration of cyanide in RBC is estimated to be at a RBC/plasma ratio of 100/1 (Ellenhom et al, 1997). After acute exposures, the plasma elimination half-life of cyanide was observed to be 14.1 min (Egekeze and Oehme, 1979). After oral poisoning, a significant amount of cyanide was traced in the brain, blood, kidney, stomach wall, liver, and urine (Ansell and Lewis, 1970). This indicates that after absorption, cyanide is widely distributed in all the tissues. 

J. Horner, "A Study of the Effects of Some Variables on the Speed and Distribution of Deposits from Cyanide Copper Plating Solutions," 51 st... 

Hydroxyquinoline, having both a phenolic hydroxyl group and a basic nitrogen atom, is amphoteric in aqueous solution it is completely extracted from aqueous solution by chloroform at pH < 5 and pH > 9 the distribution coefficient of the neutral compound between chloroform and water is 720 at 18 °C. The usefulness of this sensitive reagent has been extended by the use of masking agents (cyanide, EDTA, citrate, tartrate, etc.) and by control of pH. 

Nitrite compounds are often known as poppers because of the popping noise produced when the capsules containing them are crushed between the fingers. Both amyl nitrite and butyl nitrite are yellowish liquids that evaporate at room temperature. These compounds are distributed under variety of names and are contained in a range of products, such as air fresheners. Iso-amyl nitrite is also available in the United States by prescription. Currently, the primary indication for isoamyl nitrite is for the treatment of cyanide poi-... 

It was suggested that this change in product distribution was due to the existence of an equilibrium between two types of complex, viz., a cr-butenyl-pentacyanocobaltate(III) and a 7r-butenyltetracyanocobaltate(III) 107, 109). However, further study of the kinetics and product distribution suggested the presence of two o-bonded complexes, viz., cr-but-l-en-3-yl and a-but-2-en-l-yl 24a). Direct evidence for the existence of a cyanide-dependent equilibrium between the a- and rr-bonded organocyanide complexes has been obtained from NMR studies of the complex prepared by the reaction of allyl halides with Co—H 109) (see also Section V,C). Both butadiene and crotyl chloride react with Co—H to give the same... 

Although active safety is provided by the control systems mentioned above, passive safety is an additional important feature of a distributed plant. Due to the low inventory, even a total release of the reaction volume or an explosion would create no significant impact on the environment [139]. To prevent such scenarios, a total containment of the plant is envisaged it needs to be sealed for life . Hydrogen cyanide synthesis and chlorine point-of-sale manufacture are two examples for safety-sensitive distributed syntheses. 

Rhodanese is widely distributed in the body, but activity levels in mammals are highest in the mitochondrial fraction of liver. Rhodanese activity levels in catalyzing the transformation of thiosulfate to thiocyanate are limited by the availability of sulfur. Minor detoxification pathways for cyanide include exhalation in breath as HCN, and as C02 from oxidative metabolism of formic... 

Volatile cyanides occur only occasionally in the atmosphere, due largely to emissions from plating plants, fumigation, and other special operations (Towill et al. 1978). Under normal conditions, cyanide has relatively low persistence in air, usually between 30 days and 1 year (Way 1981), although some atmospheric HCN may persist for up to 11 years (Marrs and Ballantyne 1987). Data are lacking on the distribution and transformation of cyanide in the atmosphere (Towill et al. 1978) and should be acquired. 

Much of the toxicological interest in cyanide relating to mammals has focused on its rapid lethal action. However, its most widely distributed toxicologic problems are due to its toxicity from dietary, industrial, and environmental factors (Way 1981, 1984 Gee 1987 Marrs and Ballantyne 1987 Eisler 1991). Chronic exposure to cyanide is correlated with specific human diseases Nigerian nutritional neuropathy, Leber s optical atrophy, retrobulbar neuritis, pernicious anemia, tobacco amblyopia, cretinism, and ataxic tropical neuropathy (Towill etal. 1978 Way 1981 Sprine etal. 1982 Beminger et al. 1989 Ukhun and Dibie 1989). The effects of chronic cyanide intoxication are confounded by various nutritional factors, such as dietary deficiencies of sulfur-containing amino acids, proteins, and water-soluble vitamins (Way 1981). 

Kelada, N.P. 1989. Automated direct measurements of total cyanide species and thiocyanate and their distribution in wastewater and sludge. Jour Water Pollut. Contr. Feder. 61 350-356. 

Yamamoto, K., Y. Yamamoto, H. Hattori, and T. Samori. 1982. Effects of routes of administration on the cyanide concentration distribution in the various organs of cyanide-intoxicated rats. Tohuku Jour. Exper. Med. 137 73-78. 

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