Field-Fluid Currents

It can be anticipated that all gas-flood projects, as they are presently being carried out, will leave a large fraction of the reservoir oil uncontacted by the injected fluids. This bypassed oil will remain in place, undisplaced by the injected fluid. Thus, in each current field project, the amount of incremental oil produced by gas flooding could be substantially increased if the uncontacted oil could be reached. The improvement of the vertical and areal distribution of injected fluids throughout the reservoir, so that they contact substantially more oil, will require much better methods of sweep and mobility control. 

Since detailed experimental data for ferrofluid susceptibilities in a strong oblique polarizing field (of intensity 10 T and higher) superimposed on which is a weak alternating-current field are not yet readily available, we shall in Section III.E confine ourselves to an illustration of how the weak alternating-current field susceptibilities [Eqs. (Ill), (113), and (116), which incorporate the effect of the fluid carrier] compare favorably with experiment. We shall also demonstrate the effect that a weak polarizing field Ho (0 100 kA/m) has on the susceptibility profiles (Figs. 7, 8, and 9) below. Furthermore, we shall show how... 

By using the relationship between the fluid current and its veloeity field, J = Pv, a quantum fluid velocity field of... 

A domain that can be safely assumed to represent the entire flow field is selected and discretized into a fixed mesh of finite elements. The part of this domain that is filled by fluid is called the current mesh. Nodes within the current mesh... 

Losses are high because of field system, but comparatively much less than fluid and eddy current couplings. At lower speeds the losses rise in the form of motor inefficiency... 

Turbulence is generally understood to refer to a state of spatiotemporal chaos that is to say, a state in which chaos exists on all spatial and temporal scales. If the reader is unsatisfied with this description, it is perhaps because one of the many important open questions is how to rigorously define such a state. Much of our current understanding actually comes from hints obtained through the study of simpler dynamical systems, such as ordinary differential equations and discrete mappings (see chapter 4), which exhibit only temporal chaosJ The assumption has been that, at least for scenarios in which the velocity field fluctuates chaotically in time but remains relatively smooth in space, the underlying mechanisms for the onset of chaos in the simpler systems and the onset of the temporal turbulence in fluids are fundamentally the same. 

The geochemical interactions possible between an injected waste and the reservoir rock and its associated fluids can be quite complex. Thus a combination of computer modeling, laboratory experimentation, and field observation will inevitably be necessary to satisfy current regulatory requirements for a geochemical no-migration deep-well injection. This section covers the computer methods and models available for predicting geochemical fate. 

This chapter has two goals, to provide a critical review of the current state of the art in the field of two-phase flow with heat transfer and to provide procedures which can be used for the design of tubular fluid-fluid systems. We hope that this work will help point out areas in which further theoretical and experimental research is critically needed, and that it will motivate design engineers to test out our procedures (in combination with details from the original references) in solving pragmatic problems. 

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