Curcumin synthase

Fig. 1 Biosynthesis of plant polyphenols by CHS-superfamily type III PKSs. CHS chalcone synthase STS stilbene synthase ACS acridone synthase VPS valerophenone synthase SPS styrylpyrone synthase BPS benzophenone synthase OAS olivetolic acid synthase 2PS 2-pyrone synthase BAS benzalacetone synthase CUS curcumin synthase...

Katsuyama Y, Kita T, Horinouchi S (2009) Identification and characterization of multiple curcumin synthases from the herb Curcuma longa. FEBS Lett 583 2799-2803... 

Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase inhibition. Seed oil, administered intragastrically to rats at a dose of 2 mL/kg, was active k Hydrogen peroxide release inhibition. Seed oil, administered to rats at a concentration of 8% of diet, was active on macrophages. Capsaicin or curcumin enhanced the effect° h... 

Chan, M.M.Y., Huang, H.I., and Fenton, M.R., In vivo inhibition of nitric oxide synthase gene expression by curcumin, a cancer preventive natural product with antiinflammatory properties, Biochem. Pharmacol., 55, 1955, 1998. 

Pan, M.H., Lin-Shiau, S.Y, and Lin, J.K., Comparative studies on the suppression of nitric oxide synthase by curcumin and its hydrogenated metabolites through down-regulation of IkB kinase and NFkB activation in macrophages, Biochem. Pharmacol., 60, 1665, 2000. 

Diketide products of this super family of plant polyketide synthases probably include acridones and also phenylphenalenones such as the aglycone of haemocorin (69), which may be formed from one malonyl-CoA and two phenylpropanyl-CoA units (Figure 8). The proposed derivation of 69 via a diarylheptanoid related to curcumin (70) was... 

CURCUMIN SUPPRESSES THE EXPRESSION OF MMP9 AND INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE (INOS)... 

Mani, H., Sidhu, G.S., Kumari, R., Gaddipati, J.P., Seth, P., and Maheshwari, R.K., Curcumin differentially regulates TGF-betal, its receptors and nitric oxide synthase during impaired wound healing. Biofactors, 16 (1-2), 29 3, 2002. 

Type III polyketide synthases are particularly relevant to this chapter because they catalyze the formation of phenolic compounds. This group of polyketide synthases consists of CHSs, stilbene synthase (STS), and curcuminoid synthase (CUS), which perform decarboxylative condensations between a starter unit, either p-coumaroyl-CoA 19 or cinnamoyl-CoA 18, and an extender unit, malonyl-CoA 10. CHS, STS, and CUS convert the substrate molecules into flavo-noids (Cg-Cs-Cg), stilbenoids 8 (Cg-C2-Cg), and curcuminoids 9 (Cg-C7-C6), respectively [59]. Stilbenoids 8 and curcuminoids 9 are out of the scope of this chapter but possess medicinal properties as well resveratrol is a well-known stilbenoid 8 associated with longevity, and curcumin is a common curcuminoid 9 that is responsible for the yellow color in turmeric and can be utilized as a natural pigment possessing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties [60-63]. For an in-depth treatment of plant polyketide production in microbes, the reader is directed to a recent comprehensive review by Boghigian et al. [64]. 

C. aromatica, 2985 C. longa, 2985 Curcumin, 2225 Curcuminoids, 1654 Curcuminoid synthase, 1654 Curvularins, 3477... 

Curcumin Turmeric roots Suppresses the productirai of cytokines such as IFN-y, interleukins, and TNF inhibits the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) [40]... 

Oral administration of curcumin significantly lowered the lipid peroxidation in liver, lung, kidney, and brain tissues induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCI4), paraquat and cyclophosphamide in mice (Sou-damini et al. 1992). Curcumin has also been found to suppress lipid peroxidation induced in rats by CCI4 or 0 radiation (Nishigaki et al. 1992). Curcumin, a compound with anti-inflammatory and anticancer activity, inhibited induction of nitric oxide synthase in activated macrophages (Brouet and Ohshima 1995) and has been shown to be a potent... 

Brouet, I. and Ohshima, H. 1995. Curcumin, an anti-tumour promoter and anti-inflammatory agent, inhibits induction of nitric oxide synthase in activated macrophages. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 206 533-540. 

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