Marine organisms, culturing

Ryther, J., T.M. Losordo, A.K. Furr, T.F. Parkinson, W.H. Gutenmann, I.S. Pakkala, and D.J. Lisk. 1979. Concentration of elements in marine organisms cultured in seawater flowing through coal-fly ash. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 23 207-210. 

Nineteen MAA compounds have been reported from 382 species of marine organisms collected from tropical, temperate and polar latitudes (Tables 15.1, 15.2, and 15.3). Approximately 75% of the data available on MAA presence/absence and quantification in individual taxa come from only one or several specimens or cultures. While a complete evaluation of intraspecific variation, geographical distribution or phylogenetic trends is not possible, a number of generalizations about MAA occurrence are evident. 

At Duke in the early 1980s, mass cultured barnacle larvae were used as the target organism in bioassay directed studies of natural inhibitors of fouling. Approximately 70% of the marine organisms... 

Recently, Pongratz and Heumann have shown that besides methylated Hg and Pb also monomethyl-Cd can be detected in the polar ocean (10, 11, 24). Because the experiments with polar macroalgae did not show any production of methylated Cd, it must be assumed that other marine organisms are responsible for the existence of MeCd in the ocean. Incubation experiments with isolated mixed and pure bacterial cultures of polar origin, collected in the Weddell Sea, were therefore carried out and the production of methylated heavy metal eompounds was followed during the growth of these baeteria. The total (inorganic) heavy metal concentration of the natural sea water from the Weddell Sea, used in these... 

The test organism should be widely available through laboratory culture, procurement from a hatchery or other culture facility, or collection from the field. In many cases marine organisms are difficult to culture successfully in the laboratory environment requiring field collection. 

USEPA. 1991. Appendices A.1.-A.8. Systematics, ecology, life history, and culture methods. In Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of Effluents and Receiving Waters to Freshwater and Marine Organisms, 4th ed. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, EPA/600 4-90/027, pp. 131-262. 

Luminous bacteria were isolated from seawater, sediment and marine organisms around the coastal areas of Japan. Some of the isolates having strong luminescence were identified by their 16S-rDNA sequences. Luminous bacterial isolates were usually cultured in half-strength SWC medium at 20 °C. 

The fractionation associated with the disproportionation of elemental sulfur has been explored for a variety of pure and enrichment cultures of organisms derived from both freshwater and marine environments (Canfield and Thamdrup 1994 Canfield et al. 1998a Habicht et al. 1998). For thermodynamic reasons sulfide concentration must be kept low (<1 mM Thamdrup et al. 1993) for elemental sulfur disproportionation to yield sufficient energy to support growth of the organism. Accordingly, cultures are generally enriched in iron oxides which buffer the sulfide concentration to low levels. A summary of the available results is presented in Table 4. 

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