Culture literature

Clearly, the first six component types can be controlled during the initial formulation of the medium. It is these that have been the subject of optimization studies, which form a large part of the recent plant cell culture literature. The seventh category falls outside the capabilities of most investigators in the field. The concentrations of dissolved gases have also been neglected as components, possibly because they cannot be controlled in the same manner as dissolved solids. 

An outcome of a generalist approach is that cultures can be described with a limited number of aspects, e.g. dimensions, facets or factors. A unique culture approach does not have this common underlying framework and its descriptions are limited to single cultures. However, either approach can ultimately lead to a third approach, that is a typology of cultures. All three approaches are well represented in the organisational culture literature and can be discerned also in literature on safety culture. Again, this topic will be discussed more extensively below. 

Work began on the EUROCONTROL safety culture questionnaire in the early 2000s with a review of the safety culture literature. The review identified constracts of potential importance for measurement in ATM. The review focused on safety culture research from 2001-05 (and the review by Guldenmund 2000). 

It was concluded that the concepts identified by Ek and colleagues for ATM (2002, 2003) and Wiegmann et al. s theoretical indicators (2002) were most relevant. The development team worked with industry specialists, and synthesised the various constracts identified in these papers to develop a model of three broad themes highly consistent with over-arching concepts in the safety culture literature (employee involvement in safety, prioritisation of safety and incident reporting) ... 

Intact lichen Mycobiont Lichen culture Literature... 

A brilliant collection of essays dealing with all aspects of literature and culture for the period 1890-1930- from Apollinaire and Brecht to Yeats and Zola. 

The commercial production of mitomycin involves the preparation of mitomycin-containing broths by culturing a mitomycin-producing organism, e.g. Streptomyces caespitosus, in suitable media as described at length In the literature. At the end of the fermentation cycle the whole broth is usually centrifuged, filtered or otherwise treated to separate the solids (mycelia) from the supernatant which contains substantially all of the antibiotic activity. 

The literature is less extensive on the use of protoplasts in stress-tolerance investigations however, some applications have been attempted. For example, in one study protoplasts were isolated from the leaves of a wild relative of tomato shown to be salt tolerant and from a salt-sensitive, cultivated species (Rosen Tal, 1981). In the presence of NaCI the plating efficiency (number of surviving cells/number of cells applied to the plate) of the wild relative was greater than the cultivated, sensitive cultivar. Proline, when added to the culture media, was found to enhance the plating efficiency of the salt-sensitive cultivar but not the wild, salt-tolerant relative. These results suggest that traits related to salt tolerance are expressed by the isolated protoplasts and that the response of protoplasts to environmental stress can be manipulated, i.e. the proline response. 

Viscosimeters were included in the investigations to provide a link with the many results in the literature for shearing experiments with biological cultures. 

Concerning adherent cells there are few studies in the literature. Some of them deal with the influence of stirrer speed on microcarrier cultures. Most studies using defined forces are from medical research. These studies, as well as those with production cells, use different types of exposure systems based on the parallel plate theory. They investigate the influence of stress on cell morphology and viability which is most important for arteriosclerosis research. 

Two different concepts are described in the literature for investigating the influence of shear stress on adherent cells Microcarrier cultures in stirred reactors and defined stress levels in flow chambers. 

A sulfate enrichment culture prepared from a contaminated site gave enrichment factors (e) of-1.1 for naphthalene and -0.9 for 2-methylnaphthalene (Griebler et al. 2004). These values combined with literature values from analogous laboratory experiments were used to quantify degradation of toluene, xylenes, and naphthalene at the site. Additional evidence for degradation of BTEX was derived from analyses of established metabolites produced by anaerobic degradation. 

From the above, it becomes clear that simplistic interpretations of the results of the studies into psychopathology and culture in the literature mustbe avoided, while at the same time efforts must also be made to develop a more refined methodology that involves a careful analysis of the factors that condition such a relationship (Collazos etal, 2005). 

---