Culture differentiation protein expression

Xu et al. [76] have showed that human embryonic stem cells by treatment with bone morphogenetic protein-4 can be driven to differentiate into tro-phoblasts which have the ability to syncytialize and form confluent mono-layers. The differentiated cells express a number of trophoblast markers and secrete placental hormones and thus may provide an alternative placental model. Under the culture conditions used, however, the cells propagated poorly. 

L. Zampieri, P. Bianchi, P. Ruff, and P. Arbuthnot. Differential modulation by estradiol of P-glycoprotein drug resistance protein expression in cultured MCF7 and T47D breast cancer cells. Anticancer Res. 22 2253-2259 (2002). 

Fig. 18.3. Raman spectral analysis of foetal osteoblast (FOB) differentiation. Unsupervised PCA of FOB cells cultured for 3 days in bioactive glass (BG) conditioned media (triangle) or control media (circle) (a). BG-treated cells formed a distinct cluster separate from control cells after 3 days culture. Least square (LS) analysis (which decomposes the cell spectra into the linear combination of Raman spectra obtained from the pure chemical constituents of the cell, e.g. nucleic acid, proteins, lipids, phospholipids and carbohydrates) of the relative RNA concentration of FOBs cultured for 1, 3 and 14 days in culture media (black) or BG condition media (grey), revealed a significantly reduced relative RNA concentration in FOBs culture in BG-conditioned media (b). FOBs cultured in BG-conditioned media appeared to accelerate FOB differentiation into mature adult osteoblast phenotypes (parallel gene and protein expression experiments confirmed this). Significant difference to control (p <0.05) [38]...

Cell culture systems are ideal for detailed proteomic investigations of responses in protein expression to controlled stimuli. This is because they should provide defined systems with much lower inherent variability between samples, particularly if established cell lines are used. However, cells that are maintained in culture respond by alterations in their gene pattern, and consequently the protein expression, such that it can be quite different from that found in vivo. This process can occur quite rapidly in primary cultures of cells established from tissue samples and is even more profound in cells maintained long-term, particularly where transformation has been used to establish immortal cell lines. Cardiac myocytes can pose an even bigger challenge. While neonatal cardiac myocytes can be maintained and grown in vitro, adult cells are terminally differentiated and can be maintained for relatively short times in vitro but are not capable of cell division. 

Cho, H.Y., Sung-Yong, H.Y., and Park, J.M. 2008. Differential induction of protein expression and benzo-phenanthridine alkaloid accumulation in Eschscholtzia califomica suspension cultures by methyl jas-monate and yeast extract. J. Microbiol. BiotechnoL, 18 255-262. 

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