Culture Clostridium botulinum type

Ciccarelli, A.S., Whaley, D.N., McCroskey, L.M., Gimenez, D.F., Dowell, V.R.Ir and Hatheway, C.L., Cultural and physiological characteristics of Clostridium botulinum type G and the susceptibility of certain animals to its toxin, Appl. Emir. Microbiol., 34, 843-848, 1977. 

Reuner KH, Schlegel K, Just I, et al. (1991) Autoregulatory control of actin synthesis in cultured rat hepatocytes. In FEBS Letters. 286 100-4 Schmid A, Benz R, Just I, et al. (1994) Interaction of Olostridium botulinum 02 toxin with lipid bilayer membranes. Formation of cation-selective channels and inhibition of channel function by chloroquine. In J Biol Chem. 269 16706-11 Simpson LL (1982) A comparison of the pharmacological properties of Clostridium botulinum type 01 and 02 toxins. In J Pharmacol Exp Then 223 695-701 Simpson LL (1989a) Botulinum Neurotoxin andTetanus Toxin, pp 1 -422, San Diego Academic Press... 

Notermans, S., Dufrenne, J., and Kozaki, S., 1982, The relation between toxicity and toxin-related-antigen contents of Clostridium botulinum types C and D cultures as determined by mouse bioassay and ELISA, Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol. 35 203-211. 

More important than the demonstration (107) of nitrosylation of synthetic model clusters is the demonstration (108) of nitrosylation by nitrite of the [4Fe-4S] center in vegetative cells of Clostridium botulinum. Treatment of a reduced culture of C. botulinum with nitrite in the presence of ascorbate resulted in loss of the ESR signal at g = 1.94, characteristic of the reduced iron-sulfur protein, and its replacement by a signal at g — 2.035, characteristic of [Fe(NO)2X2] complexes, most likely of the [Fe(NO)2(SR)2] type. 

The components of C2 toxin con be isolated from culture supernatants of type C and type D Clostridium botulinum. It is important to remember that these organisms are capable of producing type C and type D botulinum neurotoxin. Although there are no documented cases of type C or type D poisoning in adults, recent work has shown that the isolated human neuromuscular junction can be poisoned by type C toxin (Coffield and Simpson, unpublished). Therefore, extreme caution should be used when handling organisms that produce neurotoxin. 

Gibson, A.M., Modi, N.K., Roberts, T.A., Hambleton, R, and Melling, J., 1988, Evaluation of a monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay for detecting type B Clostridium botulinum toxin produced in pure culture and an inoculated model cured meat system, J. Appl. Bacteriol. 64 285-291. 

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