Cultivation measures

Soil cultivation measures are predominantly carried out with the aim of enhancing soil fertility and soil processes, and controlling for weeds. Depending on location and crop type, biodynamic farming uses all types of soil cultivation from ploughing to no-till agriculture. 

Human in uences by cultivation measures, for example, fertilizing, water supply, or pest... 

Where yield coefficients are constant for a particular cell cultivation system, knowledge of how one variable changes can be used to determine changes in the other. Such stoichiometric relationships can be useful in monitoring fermentations. For example, some product concentrations, such as CO2 leaving an aerobic bioreactor, are often the most convenient to measure in practice and give information on substrate consumption rates, biomass formation rates and product formation rates. 

Cypridina luciferase is not available commercially at present. However, Cypridina luciferase can be readily extracted from both live and dried Cypridina, and the crude extract, after dialysis, can be used in the measurement of Cypridina luciferin. Live Cypridina can be collected in Japan, and the ostracod can be cultivated in laboratory (see the last part of Section 3.1.2). Dried Cypridina is available from certain sources, including the author s laboratory. 

The effect of a particular cultivation environment on a system can be evaluated in terms of biomass (fresh/dry weight, cell number), secondary metabolite production [51,75,89,102,103,106,107] or substrate consumption (e.g. carbon source [57] or oxygen [53,108]). Using the Evan s Blue method to identify non-viable cells. Ho et al. [108] used viable cell density measurements to determine variations in specific growth rate attributable to hydrodynamic stress. 

Fig. 2. Initial maximum rate of (a) PNB and (b) PNP hydrolysis by extracellular culture broth of Pseudozyma aphidis that was cultivated in NBY ( ), NBYC (A), NBYP ( ), and NBYG ( ) m iium. (c) TOC concentrations measured in extracellular culture broth of Pseudozyma aphidis grown in NBY, NBYC, NBYP, and NBYG medium. (Initial TOC concentration of fresh medium=l. Black and white columns represent TOC concentrations in fresh medium and 12-day culture broth, respectively.)...

From the dissertation, Health Justifications for Measures Taken to Prevent Unfavorable Effects from Toxic Fogs when Using Pesticides in Cultivating Beets. Kiev, 1989, 113 pp. [107]. 

Yao H, Jingyan J, Lianggang Z, Sass RL, Fisher FM. Comparison of field measurements of CH4 emission from rice cultivation in Nanjing, China and in Texas, USA. Adv. Atmos. Sci. 2001 18 1121-1130. 

Borrok et al. (2004a) used potentiometric titration to measure Cd sorption by different bacterial consortia, and a surface complexation approach to determine thermodynamic stability constants. When the data were modeled by adopting a single set of stability constants, a similar sorption behavior was shown by a wide range of bacterial species. Further, current models that rely on pure strains of laboratory-cultivated bacterial species appear to overestimate the extent of metal biosorption in natural systems. 

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