Ctenophores

Harvey (1952) noted R. S. Anderson has tested Aequorea at Friday Harbor and found that his hydromedusan will luminesce under strict anaerobic conditions. It was an extremely important observation retrospectively. The ability to luminesce in the absence of oxygen had been also observed with Medusa hemisphaerica by Macartney (1810) and with radiolarians, ctenophores, and Pelagia by Harvey (1926b). 

Anctil, M., and Shimomura, O. (1984). Mechanism of photoinactivation and re-activation in the bioluminescence system of the ctenophore. Mnemiopsis. Biochem. J. 221 269-272. 

Hastings, J. W., and Morin, J. G. (1968). Calcium activated bioluminescent protein from ctenophores (Mnemiopsis) and colonial hydroids (Obelia). Biol. Bull. 135 422. 

Ward, W. W., and Seliger, H. H. (1974a). Extraction and purification of calcium-activated photoproteins from ctenophores. Biochemistry 13 1491-1499. 

Ctenophores (Comb jellies), 154 Cyclopoida, 88 Cyclosalpa, 337 Cyclotbone, 338 Cypbocaris, 336... 

Indices of condition like those mentioned above have also been used in studies of other water organisms. The food available to the medusa Aurelia aurita and the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi can be judged from their level of carbohydrates (Anninsky, 1990), and that available to copepods such as Calanus helgolandicus can be judged from their content of neutral lipids, especially wax esters (Yuneva and Svetlichny, 1996). 

Horridge, G.A., Non-motile sensory cilia and neuormuscular functions in a ctenophore independent effector organ, Proc. R. Soc. (Ser. B), 162, 335, 1965. 

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