Crystals structure and bonding

Pauling, L. (1960). The Nature of the Chemical Bond, 3rd ed. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. A classic book that presents a good description of crystal structures and bonding in solids. 

Gavezzotti A (2011) Computational studies of crystal structure and bonding. Top Curr Chem, DOT 10.1007/128 2011 131... 

O Keeffe, M. (1989). The prediction and interpretation of bond lengths in crystals. Structure and Bonding 71, 161-90. 

That paper and their many associated patents show the depth of understanding which Bell and Findlay reached of the mechanism of action and of the importance of the crystal structure and bond energies. Westinghouse also reported on methods of producing pure material and of making satisfactory films, and showed for the first time the very high load-carrying capacity obtainable, in experiments at contact pressures up to 600,000 psi. 

The stress, which is clearly a function of the crystal structure and bonding, depends on b and w. You will recall from Chapter 12 that dislocation widths in covalent solids are quite narrow (w b) compared with those in face-centered cubic (fee) metals (w 10b). 

Metallic nitrides can be alloyed with other nitrides and carbides of transition metals to give solid solutions, as shown in Table 3 (4). Complete solid solubility has been demonstrated for a great number of combinations. Continuous alloys seem to be formed when the crystal structure and bonding in the materials are similar and when the parent metals by themselves form solid solutions with each other. For example, all cubic monocarbides and mononitrides of group 4 and 5 metals show complete miscibility with the exception of the pairs ZrN-VN, HfN-VN, ZrN-VC, HfN-VC, and HfC-VN (11). Recent developments in ternary and quaternary nitride chemistry have also been reviewed (16). Similarly, materials of mixed C, N, and O compositions are common, and oxycarbides, oxynitrides, and oxycarbonitrides have been reported (17). Oxygen is particularly ubiquitous, and even materials that are normally pure may contain substantial amounts of dissolved oxygen. 

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