Crystallizers forced-circulation evaporator-crystallizer

Fig. 2. Forced circulation evaporators (a) submerged-tube, shown as circulating magma crystallizer (b) submerged-tube, shown as suspension type...

FK . 18-64 Forced -circulation (evaporative) crystallizer, (Swenson Process Equipment, Inc.)... 

Figure 9.18 Continuous crystallizers, a) draft-tube and baffle (DTB), (b) single effect forced-circulation evaporative, (c) Oslo or Krystal type after Rohani, 2001)...

Forages, as ruminant feed, 10 863 Foraminifera, 17 690 Forastero cocoa beans, 6 353 Forced air cooling, of food, 21 560 Forced circulation crystallizer, 8 136 Forced-circulation evaporators, in sodium chloride solution mining, 22 803, 804 Forced convection, 13 245 Forced drainage experimental procedure, 12 12... 

Figure 8.16. Some types of evaporators, (a) Horizontal tube, (b) Calandria type, (c) Thermocompressor evaporator, (d) Long tube vertical, (e) Falling film, (f) Forced circulation evaporator-crystallizer, (g) Three types of Oslo/Krystal circulating liquid evaporator-crystallizers.

FIGURE 12 Schematic diagram of a forced-circulation evaporative crystallizer. 

In forced-circulation evaporators, the liquid is pumped through the tubes. They are suitable for use with materials that tend to foul the heat transfer surfaces and where crystallization can occur in the evaporator. 

Although such a feature can be included on many types of classified-suspension or mixed-suspension crystallizers, it is most common to use this feature with the forced-circulation evaporative-crystallizer and the DTB crystallizer. 

FIGURE 6.2 Forced circulation evaporator such as used for simultaneous brine evaporation-crystallization. Mechanical movement of brine past the heat-exchange surface avoids decreased heat transfer efficiency from crystallization on this surface. Constructed of Monel or Monel-clad steel for parts contacting brine. (Reprinted from Kirk-Othmer [10], with permission.)... 

From the surge tank, the bisulfite solution flows steadily into a forced-circulation evaporator—crystallizer, which is the heart of the regeneration system. Heat can be provided by the low-pressure exhaust steam that normally would be discharged into the atmosphere. Operating plants are currently using steam at pressures as low as 15 lb/sq in., but even lower pressures can be used. In large plants such as power plants, the regeneration system should be operated as a double-effect evaporator which would reduce steam consumption by 40-45%. 

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