Crystallization atomic force microscopy

Overney R, Howald L, Frommer J, Meyer E, Brodbeck D and Guntherodt H 1992 Molecular surface structure of organic crystals observed by atomic force microscopy Ultramicroscopy 42-A4 983... 

Snetivy D and Vancso G J 1994 Atomic force microscopy of polymer crystals 7. Chain packing, disorder and imaging of methyl groups in oriented isotactic polypropylene Po/yme/ 35 461... 

Although experimental studies of DNA and RNA structure have revealed the significant structural diversity of oligonucleotides, there are limitations to these approaches. X-ray crystallographic structures are limited to relatively small DNA duplexes, and the crystal lattice can impact the three-dimensional conformation [4]. NMR-based structural studies allow for the determination of structures in solution however, the limited amount of nuclear overhauser effect (NOE) data between nonadjacent stacked basepairs makes the determination of the overall structure of DNA difficult [5]. In addition, nanotechnology-based experiments, such as the use of optical tweezers and atomic force microscopy [6], have revealed that the forces required to distort DNA are relatively small, consistent with the structural heterogeneity observed in both DNA and RNA. 

Film-forming chemical reactions and the chemical composition of the film formed on lithium in nonaqueous aprotic liquid electrolytes are reviewed by Dominey [7], SEI formation on carbon and graphite anodes in liquid electrolytes has been reviewed by Dahn et al. [8], In addition to the evolution of new systems, new techniques have recently been adapted to the study of the electrode surface and the chemical and physical properties of the SEI. The most important of these are X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), SEM, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), FTIR, NMR, EPR, calorimetry, DSC, TGA, use of quartz-crystal microbalance (QCMB) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). 

Ivanov, D.A. and Magonov, S.N., Atomic Force Microscopy Studies of Semicrystalline Polymers at Variable Temperature, in Polymer Crystallization Observations, Concepts and Interpretations, Sommer, J.-U. and Reiter, G., Eds., Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, 2003, chap. 7. 

Magonov, S.N., Yerina, N.A., Godovsky, Y.K., and Reneker, D.H., Annealing and recrystallization of single crystals of polyethylene on graphite An atomic force microscopy study, J. Macromol. Sci. Part B Phys., 45, 169, 2006. 

D.A. Ivanov and S. Magonov, Atomic force microscopy studies of semicrystalline polymers at variable temperature. In G. Reiter, J.-V. Sommer (Eds.), Polymer Crystallization, Springer, Berlin, 2003, p. 98. 

Shape-dependent crystal growth of zeolite L studied by atomic force microscopy... 

The volume inside the semicrystalline polymers can be divided between the crystallized and amorphous parts of the polymer. The crystalline part usually forms a complicated network in the matrix of the amorphous polymer. A visualization of a single-polymer crystallite done [111] by the Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is shown in Fig. 9. The most common morphology observable in the semicrystalline polymer is that of a spherulitic microstructure [112], where the crystalline lamellae grows more or less radially from the central nucleus in all directions. The different crystal lamellae can nucleate separately... 

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) can be used to obtain high-resolution imagery of molecular orientation and ordering for materials adsorbed onto substrates. Early AFM studies on gluconamides were hampered by the tendency of the fibers to unravel on substrates forming bilayer sheets.41 These layers showed the head-to-tail packing of a monolayer which is similar to the crystal structure reported for anhydrous gluconamides.38 A procedure to retain the fiber networks on surfaces with the addition of a small fraction of... 

Nakazato K, Ichimwa T, Mayanagi K, Ishikawa T, Inoue Y. Atomic force microscopy of two-dimensional crystal of photosystem II core complex. Plant Cell Physiol 1998 (Suppl) 39 S12. 

Comparison of two analytical approaches, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and quartz crystal microbalance, for studying the binding of Con A to glycosylated carboxypeptidase, demonstrated that both could determine the quantitative parameters characterizing the interaction.65 Quantitative analyses of the interaction of Calreticulin (CRT), which is a soluble molecular chaperone of the endoplasmic reticulum, with various... 

The adsorption of anions on the surface of LDHs has been studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) in the belief that the arrangement of anions adsorbed on the external (001) surface of the platelets may mimic the arrangement of the same anions in the interlayer galleries. The AFM image of the crystal surface of an LDH with... 

Tapping-mode atomic force microscopy studies showed that as these hyperbranched PAA films became somewhat less smooth as they increased in thickness through successive grafting stages [24]. For example, a very smooth initial single-crystal Au(lll) surface with a root mean square (RMS) roughness of 0.2 nm (over a 2 xm x 2 im area) had its roughness increased to... 

A number of methods are available for the characterization and examination of SAMs as well as for the observation of the reactions with the immobilized biomolecules. Only some of these methods are mentioned briefly here. These include surface plasmon resonance (SPR) [46], quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) [47,48], ellipsometry [12,49], contact angle measurement [50], infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) [51,52], Raman spectroscopy [53], scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) [54], atomic force microscopy (AFM) [55,56], sum frequency spectroscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) [57, 58], surface acoustic wave and acoustic plate mode devices, confocal imaging and optical microscopy, low-angle X-ray reflectometry, electrochemical methods [59] and Raster electron microscopy [60]. 

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