Crystalline Electrical

The direction of the alignment of magnetic moments within a magnetic domain is related to the axes of the crystal lattice by crystalline electric fields and spin-orbit interaction of transition-metal t5 -ions (24). The dependency is given by the magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy expression for a cubic lattice (33) ... 

Phosphate conversion coatings provide a highly crystalline, electrically neutral bond between a base metal and paint film. The most widespread use of phosphate coatings is to prolong the useful life of paint finishes. Phosphate coatings are primarily used on steel and galvanized surfaces but can also be applied to aluminum. Basically, there are three types of phosphate coatings ... 

Hutchings, M.T. (1964) Point-charge calculations of energy levels of magnetic ions in crystalline electric. Fields Solid State Phys., 16, 227-273. 

As such, nuclear contributions to the heat capacity due to the interaction between germanium crystalline electric field gradients and the quadrupole moments of boron nuclei could account for the observed onset of the Schottky anomaly. 

In the literature [55], typical energies involved in the nuclear quadrupole moments -crystalline electric field gradient interactions range up to A E 2x 10-25 J. The measured AE seems to confirm the hypothesis that the excess specific heat of the metallized wafer is due to boron doping of the Ge lattice. 

Figure 29. Fiuman osteoblast-like MG 63 cells in cultures on material surfaces modified with carbon nanoparticles. A fullerene Cgo layers deposited on carbon fibre-reinforced carbon composites (CFRC), B fullerene C o layers deposited on microscopic glass coverslips, C terpolymer of polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyldifluoride and polypropylene, mixed with 4% of single-wall carbon nanohorns, D the same terpolymer with high crystalline electric arc multi-wall nanotubes, E diamond layer with hierarchically organized micro- and nanostmcture deposited on a Si substrate, F nanocrystalline diamond layer on a Si substrate. Standard control cell culture substrates were represented by a PS culture dish (G) and microscopic glass coverslip (FI). Immunofluorescence staining on day 2 (A) or 3 (B-Fl) after seeding, Olympus epifluorescence microscope IX 50, digital camera DP 70, obj. 20x, bar 100 pm (A, C, D, G,H)or 200 pm (B, E, F) [16].

In subsection 4.1 we will consider the influence of crystalline electric fields on the magnetic properties and in the following subsections we will briefly report on the behaviour of the individual / Ni2B2C compounds from R = Ce to Yb. 

GdNi2B2C has not yet been experimentally determined. However, since Gd3+ is a spin-only ion with the spin S as large as 7/2 no remarkable deviations from the ideal value 0x) = Ms = 7mb (see table 8) are expected to be caused by crystalline electric fields or quantum fluctuations or effects of hybridization. 

CEF crystalline electric field M-I metal to insulator transition... 

The excess contribution is due to the distribution of the valence electrons over the energy levels, and includes the splitting of the ground term by the crystalline electric field (Stark effect) and is called the Schottky heat capacity or Schottky anomaly. It can be calculated from... 

The entropy S attains a value near 17 J/Kmol at 18 K which is close to the full magnetic entropy of RIn8 = 17.3 J/Kmol expected in this case, since the 8Sy/2 ground state of Gd3+ is spherically symmetric and degeneracy is not expected to be lifted by crystalline electric field CEF effects. 

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