Crystal structures, defects

Structure Crystal structures, Point defects, Dislocations Crystal structures, Defect reactions, The glassy state Configuration, Conformation, Molecular Weight Matrices, Reinforce- ments Biochemistry, Tissue stracture... 

Practically all methods of producing nanomaterials are non-equilibrium accordingly, the materials prepared are far away from thermodynamic equilibrium. Large number of interface areas and boundary conditions, residual tensions and crystal structure defects lead to possibility of implementation of several processes, changing the material structure during... 

MSee for example Diam. Relat. Mater. 1997,6,1243-1571 (an issue dedicated to SiC characterization, crystal structure, defects, applications, bulk and epithaxial growth, and other related materials). 

The deamminations and dehydrations of ammonium salts, which are generally reversible processes, are often complicated by the occurrence of solid-phase transformations, sublimation (for example NH4CIO4 [2]) and/or melting. It is, therefore, difficult to determine experimentally the effects of crystal structure, defects and surface properties on the chemical changes occurring. 

In addition to these deviations from the ideal structure, other crystal structure defects e.g., stacking faults) are the subject of line profile analyses. Correction by taking into account instrumental contributions is of even greater importance in the study of defects and microstructure (LPA), as discussed in Chapter 13. 

Annealing (thermal or radiational) after irradiation alters chemical form distribution of recoil products. This usually increases the yield of the parent chemical form (retention). Some features specific to solid matrices affect the recoil product distribution crystal structures, defects introduced into crystals, etc., play important roles in determining chemical fates of recoil atoms. 

Like excessively small crystallite size, crystal structure defects also increase the half-value width of a reflection. Such defects make the coherent scattering domains smaller. The amount of broadening depends on the type of defect, because in general newly generated scattering domains remain coherent with one another across the new disruptions. 

It is very difficult to separate the broadening of a reflection into components due to small crystallite size and to structural defects. Equation (65) implies that PcosO should be constant for all glancing angles, if the broadening results entirely from small crystallite size. Because L is the dimension peipendicular to the diffracting net planes, this statement cannot hold rigorously, except for the diffraction orders of one and the same net plane. If line broadening is the consequence of crystal structure defects alone, the width increases with 0. 

It is known that the dissolution rate of each individual phase is determined, on one hand, by its chemical nature and real structure, i.e., by the crystal structure (defects taken into account) and dispersity — linear dimensions of solid particles, their pore structure, and... 

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